Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Soils of Zhengzhou City, China: Occurrence, Source and Human Health Evaluation
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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Soils of Zhengzhou City, China: Occurrence, Source and Human Health Evaluation He Zhang1,2 · Jinfeng Wang1,2 · Huanyu Bao1,2,3 · Jiao Li1,2 · Fuyong Wu1,2 Received: 17 May 2020 / Accepted: 22 August 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Increasing contamination of urban soil by persistent organic pollutants is a major environmental issue. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the distribution, source and human health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in different functional areas in Zhengzhou City, China. Total 130 soil samples were collected from surface layer (0–10 cm) in urban road, overpass, residential area and park in the city during January 2019. Concentrations of ∑PAH16 in the urban soil ranged from 49.90 to 11,565 µg k g−1 and seven carcinogenic PAHs accounted for 69% of the total PAHs. The mean concentrations of PAHs decreased in the following order: urban road > overpass > residential area > park. Analysis based on diagnostic rate demonstrated that PAHs mainly originated from pyrolysis sources including traffic emissions and combustion of coal and biomass. Health risk assessment indicated that PAHs in urban road in the city have potential carcinogenic risks to residents. The present study suggested that the control of urban PAHs pollution in Zhengzhou City should be strengthened. Keywords Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons · Urban soil · Human health assessment Cities around the world provide an environment for more than half of the earth’s population (UN DESA 2010). Urbanization has developed rapidly as people migrate from rural area to urban area in the past few decades. Especially for China, the urbanization rate increased from 17.92% to 59.58% from 1978 to 2018 (China State Statistical Bureau 2019). The development of urbanization is accompanied by industrialization, with the result that energy depletion and contamination emissions are greatly concentrated in urban region. It is inevitable that anthropogenic activities Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-020-02982-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Fuyong Wu [email protected]; [email protected] 1
College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
2
Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
3
State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (SKLUWRE, HIT), Harbin 150090, PR China
result in continuous and increased emissions of pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban ecosystems. These persistent and poor mobility pollutants entered urban environmental systems and seriously threatened human health (Man et al. 2013). Therefore, investigating the distributi
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