Characterization of ambient PM 1 at a suburban site of Agra: chemical composition, sources, health risk and potential cy
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Characterization of ambient PM1 at a suburban site of Agra: chemical composition, sources, health risk and potential cytotoxicity Ankita Mangal . Aparna Satsangi . Anita Lakhani . K. Maharaj Kumari
Received: 22 March 2020 / Accepted: 25 September 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The present study was conducted at a University campus of Agra to determine concentrations of crustal and trace elements in submicron mode (PM1) particles to reveal sources and detrimental effects of PM1-bound metals (Cr, Cd, Mn, Zn, As, Co, Pb, Cu and Ni) in samples collected in the foggy (1 December 2016–17 January 2017) and non-foggy periods (1 April 2016–30 June 2016). Samples were collected twice a week on preweighed quartz fibre filters (QM-A 47 mm) for 24 h using Envirotech APM 577 (flow rate 10 l min−1). Mass concentration of PM1 was 135.0±28.2 and 54.0±18.5 µg/m3 during foggy and non-foggy period, respectively; crustal and trace elements were 13 and 4% during foggy and 11 and 3% in the non-foggy period. Source identification by PCA (principal component analysis) suggested that biomass burning and coal combustion was the prominent sources in foggy period followed by resuspended soil dust, industrial and vehicular emission, whereas in non-foggy period resuspended
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653020-00737-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. A. Mangal · A. Satsangi · A. Lakhani · K. M. Kumari (&) Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute Dayalbagh, Agra, UP 282005, India e-mail: [email protected]
soil dust was dominant followed by biomass burning and coal combustion, industrial and vehicular emissions. In both episodes, Mn has the highest Hq (hazard quotient) value and Cr has the highest IlcR (Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk) value for both adults and children. In vitro cytotoxicity impact on macrophage (J774) cells was also tested using MTT assay which revealed decreasing cell viability with increasing particle mass. Keywords Heavy metals · Enrichment factor · Health risk · Cytotoxicity
Introduction Submicron aerosols (PM1 Particles with size≤1 µm) represent a major research challenge in atmospheric science as they are complex mixture of chemicals which can be directly released in the atmosphere from the sources or can be formed as a product of gas-to-particle conversion through chemical reaction (Pateraki et al. 2020). They have large surface area due to which they have higher probability than larger particles to introduce adverse health effects (Slezakova et al. 2013). The decrease in the aerodynamic diameter has led to a significant increase in the chemical reactivity of PM for heavy metal adsorption, enhancing the toxicity of those particulates (Wang et al. 2020). Till date, no regulatory standards have been proposed for PM1 which highlights a
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Environ Geochem Health
legislative gap. Although U
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