Helicobacter pylori: Perturbation and restoration of gut microbiome
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Review Helicobacter pylori: Perturbation and restoration of gut microbiome ANKITA SAXENA1, ASISH KUMAR MUKHOPADHYAY2 and SHOMA PAUL NANDI1* 1
Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India
2
ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India *Corresponding author (Email, [email protected]) MS received 21 March 2020; accepted 10 August 2020
Alternate remedies with natural products provides unlimited opportunities for new drug development. These can be either as pure compounds or as standardized set of compounds. The phytochemicals and secondary metabolites are in great demand for screening bioactive compounds and plays an important role towards drug development. Natural products have many advantages over to synthetic chemical drugs. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) a Gram-negative bacteria has been classified as Class I carcinogen by World Health Organization in 1994. Current treatment regimens for H. pylori is ‘triple therapy’ administrated for two weeks which includes a combination of two antibiotics like Amoxicillin and Clarithromycin and a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) like Lansoprazole, and for ‘quadruple therapy’ in addition to antibiotics and a PPI, Bismuth is used. Antibiotic resistance can be named as the main factor for failure of treatment of H. pylori infection. The need of the hour is to develop a herbal remedy that could combat the growth of H. pylori. Probiotics can also be used as ‘feasible’ tool for H. pylori infection management. Present review is an attempt to briefly discuss about the pathogenicity, genetic predisposition, perturbation of gut microbiota due to antibiotic treatment and restoration of healthy gut microbiota with phytochemicals and probiotics. Keywords. therapy
Antibiotic resistance; Helicobacter pylori; medicinal plants; microbiome; probiotics; triple
1. Introduction H. pylori is a Gram-negative bacterium and causes infection in the stomach. It has the unique characteristic to thrive and survive in highly acidic environments of the stomach (Warren and Marshall 1984). The acidity of the stomach is neutralized by the enzymatic activity of the urease enzyme present in H. pylori. This, therefore, promotes infection of H. pylori. Urease protein has also been found to interact with host cells in vitro (Rokita et al. 2000), although the functional activity of this property has not been studied in vivo. H. pylori uses its flagella to reach epithelial cells of the stomach and penetrate the mucous lining, and easily moves from an acidic environment to a less acidic environment. The bacterium lies safely in the stomach’s mucous lining. There has been a study on the role http://www.ias.ac.in/jbiosci
of urease surface in H. pylori host interaction. It was found that the surface region of this enzyme in which changes that did not affect enzymatic activity impaired bacterial persistence in a murine experimental infection model (Schoep et al. 2010). H. pylori, like any other microbe, figh
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