Coordination polymer nanowires/reduced graphene oxide paper as flexible anode for sodium-ion batteries
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Published online 17 January 2020 | https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-019-1241-9
Coordination polymer nanowires/reduced graphene oxide paper as flexible anode for sodium-ion batteries *
Zehang Sun, Ke Tan, Linrui Hou, Yang Liu and Changzhou Yuan The growing demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) will lead to the shortage and high cost of lithium resource in the foreseeable future. Thus, it is essential to develop alternative battery technologies which are reliable and costeffective [1]. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been regarded as one of the most promising alternatives for LIBs due to the abundance of sodium [2]. However, the large + radius of Na ion always brings about low kinetics and instability of batteries. Therefore, the major challenge in advancing SIB technology lies in finding suitable host + materials for Na ions, especially high performance anode materials. Until now, the sodium storage capabilities of some inorganic (e.g., metal oxides and sulfides, alloying type metals) and organic (e.g., carboxylates, imides) materials have been tested [3–7]. Although metal-based inorganic electrodes exhibit high capacity in the storage of + Na ions, large volume expansion and severe capacity fading arise during the conversion or alloying reactions [3–5]. Organic electrodes in SIBs mainly based on C=O, C=N bonds and doping reactions provide the possibility + for stable accommodation of large Na ions [6]. Besides, organic electrode materials possess other advantages such as abundance, environmental friendliness, structural diversity and flexibility. However, the inherent poor conductivity and high solubility in non-aqueous electrolytes become the bottlenecks limiting their further developments [7]. Polymerization has been confirmed to be an efficient way to mitigate the solubility of organics in electrolyte. The large extended backbone of repeating units could largely improve the stability of organics. Thus, different kinds of polymers such as conductive polymers (e.g., polypyrrole, polyaniline); carbonyl polymers (e.g., polyimides, polyquinones), radical polymers (e.g., nitroxidebased polymer) and coordination polymers (CPs) (e.g., Prussian blue) have been synthesized and tested as cath-
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ode or anode materials for SIBs [6–8]. Among them, CPs, especially their porous type namely metal organic frameworks (MOFs), have attracted lots of attention due to their facile synthesis, structural versatility, large surface area and enormous channels [9]. The CPs can be treated as one-, two- or three dimensional (1D, 2D or 3D) networks resulting from the coordination of metal ions and organic ligands [10]. As one important kind of CPs, MOFs always have well defined crystalline and porous structures while CPs may not. The CPs-based materials have been used as electrode materials for SIBs. For example, Prussian blue and its analogues with a general chemical formula of AxM[Fe(CN)6]y·zH2O (A represents alkali metal ion, Ma and Mb are transition metal ions) have been treated as one of the most promising SIB + cathodes as Na ions
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