FeS 2 @C nanorods embedded in three-dimensional graphene as high-performance anode for sodium-ion batteries
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
FeS2@C nanorods embedded in three-dimensional graphene as high-performance anode for sodium-ion batteries Zhenxiao LU1, Wenxian WANG (✉)1, Jun ZHOU2, and Zhongchao BAI (✉)1 1 College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University Erie, The Behrend College, Erie, PA 16563, USA
© Higher Education Press 2020
ABSTRACT: FeS2 has drawn tremendous attention as electrode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity and abundant resources. However, it suffers from severe volume expansion and dull reaction kinetics during the cycling process, leading to poor rate capacity and short cyclability. Herein, a well-designed FeS2@C/G composite constructed by FeS2 nanoparticles embedded in porous carbon nanorods (FeS2@C) and covered by three-dimensional (3D) graphene is reported. FeS2 nanoparticles can shorten the Na+ diffusion distance during the sodiation-desodiation process. Porous carbon nanorods and 3D graphene not only improve conductivity but also provide double protection to alleviate the volume variation of FeS2 during cycling. Consequently, FeS2@C/G exhibits excellent cyclability (83.3% capacity retention after 300 cycles at 0.5 A$g-1 with a capacity of 615.1 mA$h$g-1) and high rate capacity (475.1 mA$h$g-1 at 5 A$g-1 after 2000 cycles). The pseudocapacitive process is evaluated and confirmed to significantly contribute to the high rate capacity of FeS2@C/G. KEYWORDS:
FeS2; electrode material; sodium-ion battery; nanoparticles; graphene
Contents 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 3 Results and discussion 4 Conclusions Acknowledgement References Supplementary information
1
Introduction
Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have attracted tremendous Received March 11, 2020; accepted May 7, 2020 E-mails: [email protected] (W.W.), [email protected] (Z.B.)
interest as one of the most significant energy storage devices in the past few decades [1]. However, the increasing costs, as well as safety problems caused by limited lithium resources and lithium dendrites, would substantially impede the large-scale application of LIBs in the future [2]. In light of this background, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) gradually attract great research interest and become promising candidates of LIBs because of the abundant reserve and environment-friendly nature of sodium [3]. Although SIBs obey similar work mechanism with LIBs, their phase behaviors (coordination, crystal structure and lattice constants) and diffusion properties are different owing to the larger ion size of Na+ than that of Li+ (1.02 Å vs. 0.76 Å) [4–5]. Thus, the developed commercial LIB anode, graphite, exhibits sluggish reactive kinetics and poor electrochemical activation for sodium storage [6].
2
Front. Mater. Sci.
Therefore, it is of great significance to explore anode materials achieving satisfactory Na+ storage performance. Up to now, a large amount of electrode materials for SIBs have been investigate
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