Current status on the molecular biology of zearalenone: its biosynthesis and molecular detection of zearalenone producin
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Current status on the molecular biology of zearalenone: its biosynthesis and molecular detection of zearalenone producing Fusarium species Sahar Nahle & André El Khoury
&
Ali Atoui
Accepted: 17 November 2020 # Koninklijke Nederlandse Planteziektenkundige Vereniging 2020
Abstract Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin produced by some species of Fusarium, especially by Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum. It is a significant contaminant of maize, barley, wheat and other cereals. ZEN is implicated in reproductive problems in experimental animals and livestock and is classified as a non-steroidal estrogen or mycoestrogen. The carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, haematotoxicity and immunotoxicity of ZEN were also reported. ZEN is biosynthesized from acetate-polymalonate pathway leading to nonaketide precursor which then subjected to different cyclizations and modifications. At the molecular level, a 50 kb gene cluster containing 11 genes was previously identified in F. graminearum. But ZEN biosynthesis is limited to four genes within this cluster: two polyketide synthase genes PKS4 and PKS13, gene similar to isoamyl alcohol oxidase (ZEB1) and a regulatory protein gene (ZEB2). This review covers the updated information concerning the molecular biology of ZEN biosynthesis as well as the proposed mechanism of its biosynthetic pathway. We also report the molecular regulation of its biosynthesis. Moreover, molecular S. Nahle : A. El Khoury Centre d’Analyses et de Recherche (CAR), Unité de Recherche « Technologies et Valorisation Agro-alimentaire » (UR-TVA), Faculty of Sciences, Saint-Joseph University of Beirut, Campus of Sciences and Technologies, Mar Roukos, Lebanon S. Nahle : A. Atoui (*) Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadat Campus, Beirut, Lebanon e-mail: [email protected]
methods developed for the specific detection and quantification of ZEN producing species are detailed in this review. Keywords Fusarium . Zearalenone . Biosynthesis . Gene cluster . Detection . Quantification
Introduction Zearalenone, previously known as F-2 toxin and currently abbreviated as ZON, ZEN or ZEA, is chemically described as 6-(10-hydroxy-6- oxo-trans-1undecenyl]-ß-resorcyclic acid lactone (C18H 22O 5, MW: 318.36, CAS 17924–92-4) (Rogowska et al. 2019; Urry et al. 1966) (Fig. 1). It was given the trivial name zearalenone as a combination of Gibberella. zeae (zea), resorcylic acid lactone (ral), −ene (for the presence of the C-1′ to C-2 double bond), and -one, for the C-6′ ketone (Urry et al. 1966). This toxin is white in colour, crystalline in structure and has a melting point of 164–165 °C (Ji et al. 2019; Knutsen et al. 2017). It is insoluble in water, but soluble in alkaline solutions, ether, benzene, acetonitrile, methyl chloride, methanol, chloroform, acetone and alcohols (Hidy et al. 1977). ZEN is heat stable and can withstand during storage, milling, cooking and others processing steps which make its decontamination from food and feeds a comple
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