Cytotoxicity assessment of modified bioactive glasses with MLO-A5 osteogenic cells in vitro
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Cytotoxicity assessment of modified bioactive glasses with MLO-A5 osteogenic cells in vitro Vernon C. Modglin • Roger F. Brown Steven B. Jung • Delbert E. Day
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Received: 8 October 2012 / Accepted: 21 January 2013 / Published online: 8 February 2013 Ó Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
Abstract The primary objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro responses of MLO-A5 osteogenic cells to two modifications of the bioactive glass 13-93. The modified glasses, which were designed for use as cell support scaffolds and contained added boron to form the glasses 13-93 B1 and 13-93 B3, were made to accelerate formation of a bioactive hydroxyapatite surface layer and possibly enhance tissue growth. Quantitative MTT cytotoxicity tests revealed no inhibition of growth of MLO-A5 cells incubated with 13-93 glass extracts up to 10 mg/ml, moderate inhibition of growth with 13-93 B1 glass extracts, and noticeable inhibition of growth with 13-93 B3 glass extracts. A morphology-based biocompatibility test was also performed and yielded qualitative assessments of the relative biocompatibilities of glass extracts that agree with those obtained by the quantitative MTT test. However, as a proof of concept experiment, when MLO-A5 cells were seeded onto 13-93 B3 scaffolds in a dynamic in vitro environment, cell proliferation occurred as evidenced by qualitative and quantitative MTT labeling of scaffolds. Together these results demonstrate the in vitro toxicity of released borate ion in static experiments; however borate ion release can be mitigated in a dynamic environment similar to the human body where microvasculature is present. Here we argue that despite toxicity in static environments, boron-containing
V. C. Modglin (&) R. F. Brown Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Bone and Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA e-mail: [email protected] S. B. Jung D. E. Day Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Bone and Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO 65409, USA
13-93 compositions may warrant further study for use in tissue engineering applications.
1 Introduction Over the past decade a vast number of different types of prototype constructs have been designed and tested for use as scaffolds to support the attachment and growth of osteoprogenitor cells for in vitro engineering of functional bone tissue and in vivo repair of bone defects [1–9]. Porous constructs designed as cell support scaffolds for in vitro tissue engineering and in vivo organ repair must satisfy multiple criteria to be deemed satisfactory for clinical applications. Scaffolds must be biocompatible and any degradation products formed must be non-toxic to minimize inflammation and foreign body reactions [7–9]. Scaffolds must possess interconnected pores of at least 100 lm to allow tissue ingrowth and vascularization [10, 11]. A desirable feature of scaffolds used for bone repair and regeneration is bioactivit
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