Decontamination of xenobiotics in water and soil environment through potential application of composite maize stover/ric
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Decontamination of xenobiotics in water and soil environment through potential application of composite maize stover/rice husk (MS/RH) biochar—a review Gift G. Moyo 1,2 & Zhiquan Hu 1 & Meseret D. Getahun 1 Received: 21 June 2019 / Accepted: 4 May 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Industries continuously emit xenobiotics into the environment, which increases risks of exposing humans and other biota to xenobiotics. Though various conventional and modern environmental remediation technologies are being employed, some of them are ineffective in removing xenobiotics, while others are costly and not feasible for large-scale utilization. Maize stover (MS) and rice husks (RH) are produced in abundance globally, which make them ideal and cost-effective feedstocks for largescale biochar production for environmental remediation. Since either type of pristine MS and RH biochar may not be effective in removing some xenobiotics, the incorporation of modifiers into MS/RH biochars can help to form composite MS/RH biochar which in turn can better decontaminate water and soil. Thus, this review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the preparation, characterization, and environmental remediation using pristine and composite MS/RH biochar. Possible areas for composite MS/RH biochar applications and future perspectives of the technology in reducing xenobiotics are also proposed in this paper. Keywords Xenobiotics . Decontamination . Pyrolysis . Pristine MS/RH biochar . Composite MS/RH biochar
Introduction Pollution caused by environmental xenobiotics is a worldwide major human health concern. Xenobiotics, such as heavy metals and emerging contaminants, persist in the environment because of their recalcitrant nature or bio-refractory nature. Their persistence in the environment makes them accumulate in the food chain in the ecosystem by bioaccumulation or biomagnification which then leads to many disorders in human body and other biotas (Hayyat et al. 2016; Bhatt et al. 2019; Khan and Rao 2019; Yuan et al. 2019; Chakraborty Responsible Editor: Zhihong Xu * Zhiquan Hu [email protected] 1
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430073, People’s Republic of China
2
Department of Biological Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 5196, Limbe, Malawi
et al. 2020). The soil and water are the major recipients and traps of xenobiotic depositions emanating from near and distant industries or other sources which then accumulate in biota, consequently posing health risks to humans through food chain linkage. A number of these xenobiotics have been suggested to have mutagenic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic effects on aquatic life, which in turn also affect human beings (Chakraborty et al. 2020); therefore, a concerted effort is required to control their entry into human body. To reduce xenobiotics in the environment, different methods such as recycling, physical remov
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