Magnetic techniques for the detection and determination of xenobiotics and cells in water
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REVIEW
Magnetic techniques for the detection and determination of xenobiotics and cells in water Ivo Safarik & Katerina Horska & Kristyna Pospiskova & Mirka Safarikova
Received: 15 February 2012 / Revised: 15 April 2012 / Accepted: 16 April 2012 / Published online: 12 May 2012 # Springer-Verlag 2012
Abstract Magnetic techniques based on the application of magnetic nanoparticles and microparticles and films have been successfully used for the determination and detection of different types of xenobiotics (e.g. herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, aromatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, pentachlorophenol and heavy metal ions) as well as viruses, microbial pathogens and protozoan parasites in water samples. Preconcentration of xenobiotics from large volumes of samples can be performed using magnetic solid-phase extraction, stir-bar sorptive extraction and related procedures. This review provides basic information about these techniques. Published examples of successful applications document the importance of these simple and efficient procedures employing magnetic materials. Keywords Bioanalytical methods . Enzymes . Immunoassays/ELISA . Organic compounds . Water . Preconcentration
Introduction Human activity is accompanied by the production of both organic and inorganic xenobiotics (contaminants). These I. Safarik (*) : K. Horska : M. Safarikova Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Nanobiology and Structural Biology of GCRC, Na Sadkach 7, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic e-mail: [email protected] I. Safarik Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic K. Pospiskova Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 11, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
contaminants are usually analysed using highly sophisticated analytical techniques. High-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography systems equipped with different types of detectors are routinely used for assays of organic xenobiotics, whereas atomic absorption spectrophotometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy are used for assays of inorganic xenobiotics. These methods usually require extensive analyte preconcentration, experienced technical staff and expensive equipment and reagents. As a consequence, attention has also been focused on the development of new methods enabling relatively simple, rapid and sensitive assays. Immunoassays seem to be methods of choice, both for screening and for analytical purposes; they have been used for many years in clinical chemistry as reliable, sensitive and selective methods to determine low concentrations of organic compounds in, for example, blood, urine and tissue extracts [1]. The possibility to use immunoassays for environmental studies was recognized in the early 1970s. Immunoassays have been developed for a broad range of pesticides and contaminants of industrial origin. This interesting topic has been reviewed in several articles and book chapters [1–5]. Immunoassays can be
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