Deep N fertilizer placement mitigated N 2 O emissions in a Swedish field trial with cereals
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Deep N fertilizer placement mitigated N2O emissions in a Swedish field trial with cereals Katrin Rychel . Katharina H. E. Meurer . Gunnar Bo¨rjesson . Monika Stro¨mgren . Gizachew Tarekegn Getahun . Holger Kirchmann . Thomas Ka¨tterer
Received: 11 November 2019 / Accepted: 10 August 2020 Ó The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Deep fertilizer placement is a proposed strategy to increase crop yield and nitrogen (N) use efficiency while decreasing nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soil to atmosphere. Our objective was to test three fertilization depth orientations to compare overall N use efficiency, based on a 2-year field trial on a mineral soil cropped with cereals in Uppsala, Sweden. The field was fertilized with ammonium nitrate at a rate of 120 kg ha-1 (2016) and 105 kg ha-1 (2017) and a deep fertilizer placement (DP) at 0.20 m was compared to a shallow placement (SP) at 0.07 m and a mixed-depth placement (MP) where fertilizer was halved between the depths of 0.07 and 0.20 m, and a non-fertilized control (NF). In 2016, compared to SP, MP and DP increased N content in harvested grain by 3.6% and 2.5% respectively, and DP increased grain yield by 11%
(P \ 0.05). In both years, N2O emissions were similar in DP and NF, whereas SP and MP emissions were similar but generally higher than those in DP and NF. Fertilizer-induced emission factors (EF) for the growing season of 2017 decreased with fertilizer placement depth and were 0.77 ± 0.07, 0.58 ± 0.03, and 0.10 ± 0.02 for SP, MP, and DP, repectively. Although deep N placement benefits are likely dependent on weather conditions and soil type, this strategy has a clear potential for mitigating N2O emissions without adversely affecting yield. Keywords Nitrous oxide Deep N fertilization Nitrogen use efficiency Fertilizer N placement
Introduction Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-020-10089-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. K. Rychel K. H. E. Meurer (&) G. Bo¨rjesson M. Stro¨mgren G. T. Getahun H. Kirchmann Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7014, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden e-mail: [email protected] T. Ka¨tterer Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7044, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
The intensification and expansion of agriculture is on a course for rapid increase as the Earth will need to support a projected additional two billion people by 2050 (United Nations 2019). The use of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer directly and indirectly contributes to the microbial production of the greenhouse gas (GHG) nitrous oxide (N2O) via soil and water systems. The residence time of N2O in the atmosphere is about 120 years and is 265 times more potent as a GHG compared to carbon dioxide (CO2) on a 100-year time scale (Myhre et al. 2013). Atmospheric N2O is either removed by a sink via microbial reduction or
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