Degradation of the ciprofloxacin antibiotic by photo-Fenton reaction using a Nafion/iron membrane: role of hydroxyl radi
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Degradation of the ciprofloxacin antibiotic by photo‑Fenton reaction using a Nafion/iron membrane: role of hydroxyl radicals Fei Wang1,2 · Yichen Zhang3 · Hao Ming3,4 · Li Wang3 · Zhongyuan Zhao3 · Yuehong Wang5 · Jiyan Liang3 · Yan Qin6 Received: 27 December 2019 / Accepted: 24 May 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Antibiotic pollution in waters is a major health issue that induces antimicrobial resistance and, in turn, the inefficacy of actual antibiotics to cure diseases. There is therefore a need for antibiotic removal from water and wastewater, yet actual remediation techniques are limited. Here, we studied the degradation of ciprofloxacin by the photo-Fenton reaction using a Nafion/ Fe3+ membrane as catalyst, with focus on the effect of hydroxyl (·OH) on membrane stability and recycling. Concentration of ciprofloxacin and ·OH were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The Nafion membrane was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflection (ATR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Results show that the Nafion/Fe3+ membrane degrades ciprofloxacin completely within 4 h. After membrane recycling, degradation efficiency is reduced due to the loss of F e3+ ions during membrane regeneration. Moreover, ·OH alters the carbon backbone of the membrane. Keywords Heterogeneous-fenton catalyst · Nafion · Fe3+ immobilization · Ciprofloxacin degradation
Introduction
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01018-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Jiyan Liang [email protected] * Yan Qin [email protected] 1
School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
2
National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing 100094, China
3
School of Science, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China
4
Shenyang Institute of Science and Technology, Shenyang 110167, China
5
Key Laboratory of Song Liao Aquatic Environment, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China
6
Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, China
During the last 30 years, environmental issues about the chemical and biological contaminations of water have become a major concern for society and the industry (Crini and Lichtfouse 2018). There are more and more difficult-todegrade organic substances in domestic sewage and industrial wastewater. Antibiotic pollutants have the characteristics of being difficult to degrade, highly toxic and stable. The use of antibiotics has considerably increased since the last century (Shi et al. 2019). More than 50,000 tons of antibiotics are directly discarded into the environment such as water and soils. Gao et al. (2012) used high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to detect 25 antibiotics of five classes in the coastal areas of the South Yellow Sea. They f
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