Detection of Human Adenovirus, Rotavirus, and Enterovirus in Tap Water and Their Association with the Overall Quality of
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Detection of Human Adenovirus, Rotavirus, and Enterovirus in Tap Water and Their Association with the Overall Quality of Water in Karachi, Pakistan Muhammad Rashid1 · Muhammad Naseem Khan2 · Nusrat Jalbani2 Received: 30 July 2020 / Accepted: 10 October 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Drinking water supplies in the developing world often serve as a biosphere for various organisms. Viral gastroenteritis is a neglected area of research in Pakistan, there are no data for the prevalence of enteric viruses in drinking water of the largest city of Karachi. The present study aimed to provide a survey of the existence of enteric viruses: human adenovirus (HAdV), human enteroviruses (hEV), and genotype A rotavirus (GARV) in tap water. Using a simple PCR approach, we detected 20%, 43%, and 23% of HAdV, hEV, and GARV in tap water samples, respectively. We have also shown an overall quality deficit of tap water at the pumping station and consumer tap. We have found no sample free from bacterial contaminations. The ranges for a total number of the heterotrophic plate count and coliform were found 8.7 × 102–4.5 × 106 CFU/mL and 210 to uncountable coliforms/100 mL, respectively. Moreover, we assessed the efficiency of small-scale water treatment methods for the removal of viruses. Keywords Tap water · Human adenovirus · Enteroviruses · Rotavirus · Viral gastroenteritis
Introduction Water is a fundamental need for life, and has a significant contribution to human health. Access to clean and safe drinking water is considered a basic human right globally, however, more than 2 billion people around the world do not have the luxury of drinking safe water (UNICEF and WHO 2017). Approximately 3.4 million people lost their lives every year fighting water-related diseases, making it the leading cause of death around the world. Ingestion of filthy water kills 4000 children each day and most of them are from continents of Africa and Asia (Berman 2009). Waterborne viral diseases like gastroenteritis have significantly large contribution to water-related diseases and deaths. Contamination of water with enteric viruses generally * Muhammad Rashid [email protected]; [email protected] 1
National Institute of Virology, Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, (PCMD) International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Laboratories Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
2
transmitted by the fecal–oral route is a common cause of diarrhea in infants and children (WHO 2001). Human adenovirus (HAdV), human enteroviruses (hEV), and genotype A rotaviruses (GARV) are commonly reported in drinking water and mostly associated with waterborne gastroenteritis (Bosch 1998; Walker et al. 2013; Wyn-Jones and Sellwood 2001). HAdV is a tough non-enveloped, double-stranded DNA virus, having more than 57 serotypes out of which serotype 40/41 are the major
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