Determination of Triazole Fungicide Residues in Fruits by QuEChERS Combined with Ionic Liquid-Based Dispersive Liquid-Li
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Determination of Triazole Fungicide Residues in Fruits by QuEChERS Combined with Ionic Liquid-Based Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction: Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology Yaohai Zhang 1,2 & Yan Zhang 3 & Jiyun Nie 1 & Bining Jiao 2 & Qiyang Zhao 2
Received: 22 January 2016 / Accepted: 20 May 2016 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016
Abstract A rapid, efficient, and environmentally friendly method using quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) combined with ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (QuEChERS-IL-DLLME) prior to high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA) has been developed for the determination of six triazole fungicides (triazolone, triadimenol, epoxiconazole, flusilazole, tebuconazole, and diniconazole) in various fruits (pear, apple, and grapefruit). Several parameters affecting the extraction efficiency in ILDLLME, such as type and volume of ionic liquid and acetonitrile volumes and extraction time, were investigated by single factor experiments. Then, the extractant volume, dispersant volume, and extraction time were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal values were determined to be within an extractant volume of 63.7 μL, a dispersant volume of 0.43 mL, and an extraction time of 1.7 min, respectively. Under the optimum conditions, an
Yaohai Zhang and Yan Zhang contributed equally to this work. * Yaohai Zhang [email protected] * Jiyun Nie [email protected]
1
Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Ministry of Agriculture, Xingcheng 125199, People’s Republic of China
2
Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Citrus Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing 400712, People’s Republic of China
3
Station of Quality Supervision and Management for Agricultural Products, Baoding 071051, People’s Republic of China
excellent linearity with determination coefficient higher than 0.997 was obtained. The average recoveries in three concentration levels (0.2, 0.5, and 1 mg kg−1) ranged from 63.8 to 119.1 %, respectively, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) from 1.1 to 12.6 %. The limits of detection (LODs) (S/N = 3) and limits of quantification (LOQs) (S/N = 10) for the six triazole fungicides ranged from 3.4 to 26.8 μg kg−1 and 9.8 to 50.3 μg kg−1, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of trace amounts of triazole fungicides in various fruits including pear, apple, and grapefruit. Keywords Ionic liquid (IL) . Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) . QuEChERS . Triazole fungicides . Response surface methodology . Fruits
Introduction Pesticides have gained extensive applications to control and improve the quality of agricultural products in modern agriculture, which include insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, and other (LeDoux 2011). Among the major fungicides, tr
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