Determination of trace elements in salt and seawater samples by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
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Determination of trace elements in salt and seawater samples by energy dispersive X‑ray fluorescence spectrometry M. Tiwari1 · S. K. Sahu1,2 · T. D. Rathod1,2 · R. C. Bhangare1 · P. Y. Ajmal1 · A. Vinod Kumar1,2 Received: 17 January 2020 © Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary 2020
Abstract Seawater and salt samples (from saltpan) were collected across Goa, India. EDXRF method has been developed for the analysis of V, Cr, Fe, Cd, and Pb in seawater. Zn, Co and As were analyzed by other techniques in seawater. Salt samples were analyzed using EDXRF for all eight target elements. The concentration of Pb, Cr, and V in seawater indicates the significant influence of anthropogenic activity around the study area. This method can be used for the quantification of toxic elements, quality control and regulatory purpose of salt production Keywords EDXRF · Seawater · Saltpan · Heavey metal pollution · Environmental impact
Introduction Ever growing industrialization and urbanization have impacted the environment adversely, specifically the marine environments across the globe. Trace and toxic metal contamination in marine and coastal environments have become a serious threat to marine ecosystems and humans that depends on marine resources for food, industry, and recreation. Toxic elements at trace levels are introduced to coastal and marine environments through different sources and activities including sewage and industrial effluents etc. [1]. In the marine environment, pollutants firstly reach into the seawater from land-based sources. The dissolved content of seawater can be classified as major and the trace chemical constituents. The trace constituents are being affected by their physical processes such as advection and convection, turbulence, diffusion, etc., and are also influenced by the biological processes such as ingestion, excretion, and biodegradation [2]. Generally, the concentration levels of trace elements in seawater are very low but often act as an indicator of some changes in the aquatic environment due to biological
* S. K. Sahu [email protected] 1
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai 400085, India
Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai 400094, India
2
activities or environmental pollution from anthropogenic sources. Their emanification in an aquatic ecosystem is set off by both natural and anthropogenic processes [3]. Therefore monitoring of trace elements in coastal waters becomes vital for understanding environmental processes. Sea salt is one of the major mineral sources for human consumption as well as for industries. The concentration of elements in salt samples depends on various factors including the elemental composition of seawater, nearby pollutant sources, etc. [4]. Some of those elements such as mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd), are non-essential and are toxic even at low concentrations. The intake of these elements above specified levels is harmful to the human being. These non-essential heavy metals are toxic
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