Determination of Vanillin in Milk Powder by Capillary Electrophoresis Combined with Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextrac
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Determination of Vanillin in Milk Powder by Capillary Electrophoresis Combined with Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Ming Shu 1 & Yanru Man 1 & Hui Ma 1 & Feng Luan 1 & Huitao Liu 1 & Yuan Gao 1
Received: 11 June 2015 / Accepted: 28 October 2015 / Published online: 10 November 2015 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2015
Abstract A simple method using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) combined with capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was developed for detection and quantification of vanillin in milk powder. CZE analytical conditions and DLLME parameters were optimized. The optimal running buffer was 10 mM borate buffer at pH 8.0. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde was used as the internal standard. The optimized microextraction conditions were 5.0 mL sample solution at pH 5.5, 8 % (m/v) NaCl added, with 120 μL CHCl3 (extraction solvent), and 0.8 mL tetrahydrofuran (THF) (disperser solvent) injected. Under the optimum extraction and detection conditions, vanillin was determined in 5 min, with the limit of detection at 0.02 μg mL−1 and a quantitation range of 0.05–10 μg mL−1. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of vanillin in infant milk powder samples. The recoveries obtained were between 89.7 and 95.1 % with relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 2.5 %.
Keywords Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) . Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) . Milk powder . Vanillin
* Huitao Liu [email protected] * Yuan Gao [email protected] 1
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People’s Republic of China
Introduction Vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is a phenolic aldehyde, which is an organic compound with the molecular formula C8H8O3. It is the primary component of the extract of the vanilla bean. It can also be synthesized from low-cost materials such as 2-methoxyphenol, eugenol, and lignin (Sinha et al. 2008). Isolated vanillin appears as white needlelike crystalline powder with an intensely sweet and very tenacious creamy vanilla-like odor. It is used in a broad range of flavors for food, confectionery, and beverages; as a fragrance ingredient in perfumes and cosmetics; and for pharmaceuticals (Priefert et al. 2001). Vanillin can trigger migraine headaches in a small fraction of the people who experience migraines (Saint 1997). In China, vanillin is prohibited in infant milk powder for 0–6-month-old baby. Standardization Administration of China (2014) clearly stipulates the details. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a suitable method for its detection. Many methods for determination of vanillin were reported including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Waliszewski et al. 2007; Sinha et al. 2007; Farthing et al. 1999; Sharma et al. 2006; De Jager et al. 2007; Jagerdeo et al. 2000), GC-MS (Goodner et al. 2000; Zhao et al. 2006), capillary electrophoresis (CE) (Ohashi et al. 2007; Panosyan et al. 2002; Panossian et al. 2001), thin-layer chromatography (Gerasimov et al. 2003), and spectrophotometry (Ni et al. 2005
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