Diabetic Bone Disease Basic and Translational Research and Clinical
Providing the most up-to-date research and current clinical knowledge of diabetic bone disease and the challenges still facing the research and clinical care communities, this book unites insights from endocrinology to orthopedics to create a truly unique
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Diabetic Bone Disease
Beata Lecka-Czernik • John L. Fowlkes Editors
Diabetic Bone Disease Basic and Translational Research and Clinical Applications
Editors Beata Lecka-Czernik, PhD Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery, Physiology and Pharmacology Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research University of Toledo Toledo, OH, USA
John L. Fowlkes, MD Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences University of Kentucky Lexington, KY, USA
ISBN 978-3-319-16401-4 ISBN 978-3-319-16402-1 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-16402-1
(eBook)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015945658 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that worldwide, diabetes occurs in more than 180 million people. Because the incidence of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is increasing globally, it is estimated that the number of people with diabetes will more than double by 2030. In parallel, it is anticipated that comorbid states associated with diabetes will also rise; thus, understanding and treating complications of diabetes will be a very high priority going forward in order to decrease morbidity and mortality, as well as to better control health care expenditures. Historically, most attention has been focused on four major complications known to afflict many individuals with T1DM and T2DM: retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and cardiovascular disease. However, epidemiological data now show that other tissues and organs may be significantly impacted by the diabetic state—and the skeletal system is now emerging as a primary target of diabetes-mediated damage (i.e., diabetic bone disease). Studies have demonstrated that osteopenia and osteoporosis may be frequ
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