Different Iron Oxalate Sources as Catalysts on Pyrazinamide Degradation by the Photo-Fenton Process at Different pH Valu
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Different Iron Oxalate Sources as Catalysts on Pyrazinamide Degradation by the Photo-Fenton Process at Different pH Values Ivan I. Conde-Morales & Laura Hinojosa-Reyes & Jorge L. Guzmán-Mar Aracely Hernández-Ramírez & Isabel del Carmen Sáenz-Tavera & Minerva Villanueva-Rodríguez
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Received: 23 March 2020 / Accepted: 13 July 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The presence of emerging contaminants (EC), such as antibiotics in water bodies, is considered an environmental issue. In this work, the iron sources FeC2O4•2H2O (FOD), complexes of iron/oxalate (Fe2+/ Ox), and FeSO4 as reference were evaluated as catalysts on the degradation of pyrazinamide (10 mg L−1) antibiotic by the photo-Fenton process. Different parameters were studied such as initial pH value (3, 4.5, and 6), Fe2+/H2O2 molar ratio (1:20, 1:30, and 1:40), and Fe2+/ Ox with different molar ratios (1:3, 1:6, and 1:9). The best performance was achieved with a 1:20 Fe2+/H2O2 molar ratio using FeSO4 and FOD showing similar results as FeSO4 catalyst at pH 3 and 4.5. The degradation rate at pH 6 was enhanced using Fe2+/Ox (1:3) compared to FeSO4, and this behavior was explained by Fenton reactants consumption and the oxalate use. The iron source FOD exhibited a poor performance at pH 6 compared with FeSO4; however, FOD activity was notably increased at pH 6 using a greater amount of catalyst, reaching 86.8% of pyrazinamide degradation in 60 min, even higher than using Fe2+/Ox 1:3 complex (68.9%), which makes it a suitable catalyst for the degradation of pyrazinamide by the photo-Fenton process. I. I. Conde-Morales : L. Hinojosa-Reyes : J. L. Guzmán-Mar : A. Hernández-Ramírez : I. d. Sáenz-Tavera : M. Villanueva-Rodríguez (*) Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, UANL, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Ave. Universidad s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 66455 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, Mexico e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords Degradation . Emerging contaminant . Humboldtine . Oxalate . Photo-Fenton process . Pyrazinamide
1 Introduction In recent years, emerging contaminants (EC) have been detected in wastewater, surface, and groundwater bodies (Taheran et al. 2018). Those EC represent a risk for human health and the environment. Pharmaceutical products are considered as EC that could be released to the environment by the pharmaceutical industry, hospital discharges, and effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) (Tran et al. 2018). The presence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment is a concern since they can cause bacterial resistance, and these compounds are well known for being difficult to be treated by conventional methods in WWTP (Luo et al. 2014; Tran et al. 2018). The presence of antituberculosis drugs, a class of antibiotics, has been scarcely studied in the environment; however, they are widely prescribed in Latin America and African countries where tuberculosis disease is still prevalent (Muñoz del Carpio-Toia et al. 2018). Pyrazinamide (PYR) is one of the most used antituberculosis drugs. It is reported
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