Dual functions of Expansin in cell wall extension and compression during cotton fiber development
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OPINION
Dual functions of Expansin in cell wall extension and compression during cotton fiber development Amina Yaqoob 1
&
Ahmad A. Shahid 1 & Ayesha Imran 1 & Sahar Sadaqat 1 & Ayesha Liaqat 1 & Abdul Q. Rao 1
Received: 5 January 2020 / Accepted: 7 May 2020 # Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences 2020
Abstract Cotton fiber provides a distinct picture of cell wall synthesis. It is an epidermal single-cell extension of Cotton plant seed and undergoes three main stages of development, (1) initiation, (2) elongation and (3) maturation. The fiber initiation characterized by thin primary cell wall formation, which is extended afterward by the action of specific non-enzymatic proteins called Expansins, which promote expansion between cellulose microfibrils by cutting the bridges between cellulose and Hemicellulose residues. The elongation phase followed by a compression phase where the secondary cell wall becomes compact and thickened by the deposition of polysaccharides. The fiber development eventually ends up in the maturation phase, attaining the final maximum length of ∼2.5–3.0 cm. However, the most critical periods of Cotton fiber development are cell wall extension and cellulose deposition. Many studies have focused on the role of Expansins in cell wall elongation, but the significance of expansins in cellulose deposition of the secondary cell wall has barely studied to date. This paper, therefore, is a brief review, which will emphasize the role of Expansin in both cell wall extensibility and polysaccharide deposition during the compression phase. However, the versatile role of Expansin proteins in cellulose deposition and cell wall elongation need a more critical experimental approach. Keywords Cotton . Fiber . Cellulose . Cell wall . Expansin . Extension . Compression
Abbreviations CW Cell wall PM Plasma membrane XyG Xyloglucans ER Endoplasmic reticulum SCW secondary cell wall DPA Days post anthesis CFML cotton fiber middle lamella SEM Scanning electron microscope CMs cellulose microfibrils Gh Gossypium hirsutum DPBB double-psi beta-barrel CBM63 C-terminal β-sandwich
* Amina Yaqoob [email protected] 1
Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Lahore 53700, Pakistan
Plant cell wall, structure and composition To understand Cotton fiber development, it is necessary to have a brief knowledge of plant cell walls at first. The plant cell wall gives a specific cell shape, serving as an interface between neighboring cells and intercellular communication (Cosgrove 2015a). The cell wall consists of primary and secondary walls, where the primary wall meant for developing daughter cells, which are proficient for more growth while a secondary wall is a thick mature boundary for specialized cells with impregnation of lignin (Xi et al. 2017). The cell wall is majorly composed of cellulose and proteins along with chitin, cutin, lignin, and several electrolytes as its structural components. Chitin is a polymer of glucosamine and specifically
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