Applications of deep eutectic solvents to quantitative analyses of pharmaceuticals and pesticides in various matrices: a
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Online ISSN 1976-3786 Print ISSN 0253-6269
REVIEW
Applications of deep eutectic solvents to quantitative analyses of pharmaceuticals and pesticides in various matrices: a brief review Jeongmi Lee1 · Hireem Kim1 · Seulgi Kang1 · Namwook Baik1 · Inseon Hwang1 · Doo Soo Chung2
Received: 1 July 2020 / Accepted: 15 August 2020 © The Pharmaceutical Society of Korea 2020
Abstract Pharmaceuticals and pesticides are important analytes of interest in clinical, environmental, and food analyses for ensuring public health. Sample pretreatment steps are often prerequisites for the quantitative analysis of these compounds, which are generally present in low concentrations in samples with complex matrices. In compliance with the current trend towards green analytical chemistry, the replacement of conventional toxic organic solvents with ecofriendly and safe solvents has been pursued in developing sample pretreatment methods. Subsequent to several reports in 2017, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been increasingly applied as desirable alternative solvents in numerous types of sample pretreatment methods for the analysis of pharmaceuticals and pesticides. The present review summarizes analytical methods involving DESs as extraction solvents and as the reaction media or functional materials for preparing adsorbents to quantify pharmaceuticals and pesticides in various matrices. Keywords Deep eutectic solvents · Green analytical chemistry · Sample pretreatment · Pharmaceuticals · Pesticides
Introduction Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were introduced in 2003 as low-melting-point eutectics that are liquid at room * Jeongmi Lee [email protected] 1
School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
temperature and therefore called solvents (Abbott et al. 2003). DESs are defined as eutectic mixtures that are composed of two or more components and whose melting point is lower than that of the individual components (Zhang et al. 2012). Components of DESs are considered as hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) or hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs) because DESs are associated through hydrogen bonding. The physicochemical properties of DESs are similar to those of ionic liquids (ILs). These properties include non-flammability, low volatility, and designability (Zhang et al. 2012). Preferable to ILs, DESs are regarded as green solvents owing to their biodegradability, low toxicity, facile synthesis, and low cost (Li and Row 2016). These desirable properties have led to an exponential growth in the fundamental and application studies on DESs. Recently, a strict definition of DESs was suggested, according to which DESs are eutectic mixtures that are liquid at room temperature and whose eutectic point is below that of an ideal liquid mixture (Martins et al. 2019). According to this definition, solid–liquid equilibria (SLE) phase diagrams of the mixtures are the prerequisite to identify whether the eutectic mixtures are simple
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