Effect of different doses of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4- d ) on cardiac parameters in male Wistar rats
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Effect of different doses of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on cardiac parameters in male Wistar rats Raíssa De Oliveira Mantovani 1 & Dyovana Gomes Pinheiro 2 & Geovana Letícia Fernandes De Oliveira 2 & Stéfani Nobrega Perrud 2 & Giovana Rampazzo Teixeira 3 & Gisele Alborghetti Nai 1 & Allice Santos Cruz Veras 3 & Maria Eduarda de Almeida Tavares 3 & Leonardo de Oliveira Mendes 1 & Francis Lopes Pacagnelli 1,2 Received: 11 November 2019 / Accepted: 31 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different doses of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic herbicide in rat hearts. Exposure was through rat food that was nebulized with the herbicide. Thirty adult male Wistar rats (200–300 g) were used. The diet was exposed to 2,4-D in two different doses (CG: control group 10 ml distilled water; LCG: low concentration group 3.71 × 10−3 g.ia/ha diluted in 10 ml saline at 0.9% and HCG: High concentration group 9.28 × 10−3 g.ia/ha diluted in 10 ml 0.9% saline). After 6 months of exposure, blood samples were collected for CKMB evaluation, and left ventricular fragments were analyzed by histological evaluation, fibrosis measurements, fractal dimension and immunohistochemistry (BAX, Bcl2, TNF-α and NF-kB). There were no significant changes in CK-MB concentration, histological parameters, fibrosis measurements and fractal dimension. Long-term oral consumption of food nebulized by the herbicide 2,4-D promoted an increase in BAX, Bcl-2/BAX, and cytoplasmic NF-kB in the nuclear area of the group that received the highest dose of the herbicide. This suggests that the herbicide induces cardiotoxicity. Keywords 2,4-Dichlorophenocycetic . Herbicide . Cardiotoxicity . Apoptosis
Introduction The acid 2,4-dichlorophenocycetic (2,4-D) is one of the most widely used herbicides in the agricultural market worldwide. Its consumption has grown rapidly since 2001. It is considered the most used herbicide in the residential market and the seventh most used in the agricultural market (Marouani et al. 2016). The 2,4-D has been used to control a variety of weeds in crops which as sugarcane, wheat, soybean, maize, rice, Responsible Editor: Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim * Raíssa De Oliveira Mantovani [email protected] 1
Postgraduate Animal Science Program, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
2
Faculty of Health Sciences, Physiotherapy, University of Western São Paulo (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
3
Faculty of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
fruit, and vegetable and promoted increased yields for these crops (Song 2014). The low production costs enabled its proliferation around the world. It is now an active ingredient in hundreds of products on the market (European Commission 2016). It is registered by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA 2005). People who work with herbicides have a high risk of contamination from herbicide r
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