Effect of silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles on rigidity sensing of human embryonic kidney cells
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Journal of Nanobiotechnology Open Access
RESEARCH
Effect of silica‑coated magnetic nanoparticles on rigidity sensing of human embryonic kidney cells Abdurazak Aman Ketebo1†, Tae Hwan Shin2†, Myeongjun Jun1, Gwang Lee2* and Sungsu Park1*
Abstract Background: Nanoparticles (NPs) can enter cells and cause cellular dysfunction. For example, reactive oxygen species generated by NPs can damage the cytoskeleton and impair cellular adhesion properties. Previously, we reported that cell spreading and protrusion structures such as lamellipodia and filopodia was reduced when cells are treated with silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles incorporating rhodamine B isothiocyanate (MNPs@SiO2(RITC)), even at 0.1 μg/μL. These protruded structures are involved in a cell’s rigidity sensing, but how these NPs affect rigidity sensing is unknown. Results: Here, we report that the rigidity sensing of human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells was impaired even at 0.1 μg/μL of MNPs@SiO2(RITC). At this concentration, cells were unable to discern the stiffness difference between soft (5 kPa) and rigid (2 MPa) flat surfaces. The impairment of rigidity sensing was further supported by observing the disappearance of locally contracted elastomeric submicron pillars (900 nm in diameter, 2 μm in height, 24.21 nN/μm in stiffness k) under MNPs@SiO2(RITC) treated cells. A decrease in the phosphorylation of paxillin, which is involved in focal adhesion dynamics, may cause cells to be insensitive to stiffness differences when they are treated with MNPs@ SiO2(RITC). Conclusions: Our results suggest that NPs may impair the rigidity sensing of cells even at low concentrations, thereby affecting cell adhesion and spreading. Keywords: Lamellipodia, Filopodia, Rigidity sensing, Silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles, Traction force Background In recent years, the use of nanoparticles (NPs) has been rapidly growing in medical research, especially for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. The size of NPs enables them to enter cells and accumulate, causing cellular dysfunction [1–4]. Moreover, because of their high surfaceto-volume ratios, NPs are highly reactive and potentially *Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] † Abdurazak Aman Ketebo and Tae Hwan Shin contributed equally to this work 1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea 2 Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
have side effects, like generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), compared to bulk material [5–7]. ROS damages cell membranes, cytoskeletons, etc. [8–12]. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are widely used in diagnostics and as biosensors in biotechnology and biomedicine [13, 14]. To reduce the adverse effect of MNPs, they are coated with biocompatible components such as polyethylenimine, polysaccharide, and silica [15–18]. Among these MNPs, silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles incorporating rhodamine B isothiocyanate (MNPs@ SiO2(RITC)) composed of silica shells and MNP cores in the range from 1 to 10 μg/μl a
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