Effects of dietary hemp seed oil to sows on fatty acid profiles, nutritional and immune status of piglets
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RESEARCH
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Effects of dietary hemp seed oil to sows on fatty acid profiles, nutritional and immune status of piglets D. Vodolazska and C. Lauridsen*
Abstract Background: The oil from industrial hemp seeds (Cannabis sativa) is an ideal source of stearidonic acid, which is a precursor fatty acid for the long-chained n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. These fatty acids are important for neonatal development, health and immunity. Hemp seed oil has been investigated for the influence on human health, but research on the impact in pig nutrition is scarce. The aim of our research was to study the effect of dietary hemp seed oil relative to soybean oil to lactating sows on the transfer of fatty acids to the off-spring and the effect on piglets’ immune and nutritional status. Results: The fatty acid composition of the hemp seed and the soybean oil influenced the fatty acid composition of sow plasma, colostrum and mature milk. The highest proportion of C18:3n-3, C18:4n-3 and C20:4n-6 was obtained in mature milk fat of sows fed 5% hemp seed oil diet when compared to the other dietary fat sources (5% soybean oil or a 50:50 mix of hemp and soybean oil at 5%). The effect of dietary oil supplementation to sows was reflected in the plasma fatty acids profile of piglets. Notably the proportion of C20:5n-3 and C22:5n-3 was the highest in plasma of piglets suckling sows fed hemp seed oil-containing diets, whereas no C18:4n-3 could be detected hence indicating conversion of α-linolenic acid (ALA) and stearidonic acid (SDA) to the longer chained n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Dietary fat source also influenced number of born piglets, their weight gain during first week, plasma concentration of glucose and IgG, and haematological profile. Conclusions: The hemp seed oil resulted in direct maternal supply with n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), especially ALA and SDA, and piglets were able to convert these fatty acids obtained via the sow milk intake to C20:5n-3 and C22:5n-3. Furthermore, some interesting effects of the 5% hemp seed oil was obtained with regard to piglet initial body weight gain and glucose, which could be of interest for further research, i.e., the capability of hemp seed oil to benefit piglets during early life. Keywords: Arachidonic acid, Immunoglobulin, Omaga-3 fatty acids, Pig, Vitamin E
Background The sow milk is the main source of nutrients for the piglets during the first weeks of life [1] and plays an essential role in the rate of survival and growth of the piglets. Pigs are born energy deficient and with very low fat deposits [2], but the absorption of lipids and fatty acids from the colostrum and mature milk of the sows is very efficient [3]. Furthermore, maternal antibodies play a crucial role in the protection of
neonatal piglets from infectious agents during the first weeks post birth before they develop their own active immunity [4]. It is well recognised that immune components of colostrum and mature milk such as immunoglobulins can be affected by dietary polyunsaturated fa
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