Effects of exogenous vitamin B 12 on nutrient removal and protein expression of algal-bacterial consortium
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Effects of exogenous vitamin B12 on nutrient removal and protein expression of algal-bacterial consortium Xiyan Ji 1,2 & Xin Luo 1 & Jibiao Zhang 1 & Deying Huang 3 Received: 2 September 2020 / Accepted: 16 November 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Chlorella vulgaris and Bacillus licheniformis consortium was added to synthetic wastewater with exogenous vitamin B12. In the presence of 100 ng/L vitamin B12, removal efficiencies of TN, NH3-N, PO43—P, and COD were 80.1%, 76.8%, 87.9%, and 76.7%, respectively. The functional groups on the cell surface of the consortium, including -NH, -CH3, C=O, C=C, and P-O-C, increased with 100 ng/L vitamin B12. These functional groups improved the biological adsorption of the consortium; however, higher concentrations of vitamin B12 resulted in an occlusion of the functional groups. Furthermore, there were 5 significantly enriched protein pathways, namely carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms; amino acid metabolic pathways; the pathway of one carbon pool by folate; nitrogen metabolism; and photosynthesis. Most proteins in these pathways were upregulated, which enhanced carbon fixation and photosynthesis in the algal cells. Simultaneously, B12 promoted significant upregulation of proteins associated with the quorum-sensing pathway, which promoted the interaction between algae and bacteria. Keywords Algal-bacterial consortium . Exogenous vitamin B12 . Nutrients removal . Protein expression
Introduction Nearly half of the known algal species are vitamin B12–independent (Croft et al. 2005). Vitamin B12 (cobalamin), which can only be secreted by prokaryotes, is a water-soluble essential microelement for many eukaryotes (Warren et al. 2002). It is a complex Co2+-containing modified tetrapyrrole that can be used as a co-factor for one carbon (C1) metabolism (Marsh 1999). Although it is only synthesized by bacteria and archaea, vitamin B12 is essential for virtually all living cells. One major function is its role in methionine synthesis, where it acts as a co-factor for the B 12-dependent methionine
Responsible Editor: Diane Purchase * Deying Huang [email protected] 1
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
2
School of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, People’s Republic of China
3
Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
synthase. Furthermore, vitamin B12 can control phytoplankton development and community composition, with around half of the microalgal species requiring this vitamin for growth. Vitamin B12 is not found in terrestrial plants and fungi because it does not have vitamin B12–dependent enzymes (Eichel et al. 1995). Vitamins are widely distributed in many algae, and some seaweeds such as Rhodophyta, which is a rich source of vitamin B12 (Watanabe et al. 2002). However, algae cannot synthesize vitamin B12; thus, they must upta
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