Effects of rosmarinic acid on nervous system disorders: an updated review
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Effects of rosmarinic acid on nervous system disorders: an updated review Mahboobeh Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar 1 & Hossein Hosseinzadeh 1,2 Received: 3 April 2020 / Accepted: 29 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Nowadays, the worldwide interest is growing to use medicinal plants and their active constituents to develop new potent medicines with fewer side effects. Precise dietary compounds have prospective beneficial applications for various neurodegenerative ailments. Rosmarinic acid is a polyphenol and is detectable most primarily in many Lamiaceae families, for instance, Rosmarinus officinalis also called rosemary. This review prepared a broad and updated literature review on rosmarinic acid elucidating its biological activities on some nervous system disorders. Rosmarinic acid has significant antinociceptive, neuroprotective, and neuroregenerative effects. In this regard, we classified and discussed our findings in different nervous system disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy, depression, Huntington’s disease, familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, spinal cord injury, stress, anxiety, and pain. Keywords Rosmarinic acid . Nervous system . Antinociceptive . Neuroprotective . Neuroregenerative
Introduction For the first time, in 1958, Scarpati and Oriente, two Italian chemists, separated rosmarinic acid (RA) as a genuine agent and nominated as in conformity with the herb it was derived from, Rosmarinus officinalis. RA is a water-soluble, ester of caffeic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl lactic acid and a prevailing phenol in many distinguished medicinal plants in the mint (Lamiaceae) family and particularly the aromatic herb rosemary (R. officinalis L.) (Scarpati and Oriente 1958; Petersen and Simmonds 2003) (Fig. 1). It also presents in Artemisia capillaris, Melissa officinalis, Salvia officinalis, Orthosiphon diffusus, Orthosiphon stamineus, Calendulla officinalis L., and other plant families (Al-sereiti et al. 1999; Kang et al. 2003; Petersen and Simmonds 2003; Bors et al. 2004; Nunes et al. 2017). Prior research projects demonstrated that RA has a variety of biological activities such as antioxidant (Pietsch et al. 2011; Fadel et al. 2011; Sueishi et al. * Hossein Hosseinzadeh [email protected] 1
Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
2
Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
2014), anti-inflammatory (Gamaro et al. 2011; Rocha et al. 2015), and anti-apoptotic effects (Rizk et al. 2017) (Fig. 1). Some other investigations reported that RA has neuroprotective effects in contrast to different neurotoxic situations and neurologic diseases (Sepand et al. 2013; Wang et al. 2012). It was suggested that RA possesses a neuroprotective impact most probably by lessening oxidative stress and the inhibition of neuronal cell
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