Effects of Trichoderma asperellum and its siderophores on endogenous auxin in Arabidopsis thaliana under iron-deficiency
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Effects of Trichoderma asperellum and its siderophores on endogenous auxin in Arabidopsis thaliana under iron-deficiency stress Lei Zhao 1
&
Yue Wang 1
&
Shuang Kong 1
Received: 21 November 2019 / Revised: 21 January 2020 / Accepted: 21 January 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Iron (Fe) deficiency is one of the major limiting factors affecting crop yields. Trichoderma asperellum Q1, a biocontrol and plant growth promoting fungus, can produce the siderophore which has a high affinity to Fe3+ in the absence of iron. In this study, Trichoderma asperellum Q1 was found to be able to promote growth of Arabidopsis thaliana in an iron-deficient or insoluble iron-containing (Fe2O3) medium. It also can produce more siderophore and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) as the concentration of iron ions decreased. However, it is unclear that the relationship between siderophore and IAA in promoting plant growth. Both Trichoderma asperellum Q1 and siderophore promotes not only the DR5::GFP transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, in which the root IAA is labeled by green fluorescent protein gene, but also increases the content of endogenous IAA in the roots, which was shown by the fluorescence study. The strongest fluorescence was observed in the treated group inoculated with Trichoderma asperellum Q1 under the condition of insoluble iron. In the case of iron-free medium, adding siderophore also increased the observed fluorescence intensity. These results suggest that the siderophores produced by Trichoderma asperellum Q1 increased the content of IAA in Arabidopsis roots by enhancing the conversion of poorly soluble iron or by the siderophore itself. Keywords Siderophore . IAA . Trichoderma asperellum . Arabidopsis thaliana
Introduction As a required cofactor, iron is involved in most of the cell metabolism processes and it is one of the essential nutrients of all organisms (Hell and Stephan 2003; Jin et al. 2013). Iron exists abundantly in the Earth’s crust. However, the content of soluble iron is relatively low which leads to a low bioavailability of iron in plant roots and affects the yield and quality of agricultural products severely (Mimmo et al. 2014; Cantera Zhao Lei and Wang Yue contributed equally to this work. * Lei Zhao [email protected] Yue Wang [email protected] Shuang Kong [email protected] 1
College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
et al. 2002). More importantly, the elevated pH in alkaline soil may also reduce the solubility of Fe (III) (Cantera et al. 2002; Krewulak and Vogel 2008). Therefore, it is important to explore the effective way to solve the problem of iron deficiency stress in crops. Siderophore is a small, high-affinity iron-chelating compound synthesized by microorganisms under iron-deficiency stress. To satisfy the growth and development of the cells, siderophore has the ability to convert low soluble iron in the soil into soluble iron, which can be absorbed and utilized by microorganisms (Siebner-Freibach et al. 2005). Th
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