Efficient photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet by using graphene oxide/nickel sulphide nanocomposites
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Bull Mater Sci (2020) 43:265 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-020-02227-y
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Efficient photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet by using graphene oxide/nickel sulphide nanocomposites VENKATACHALAM MANIKANDAN, RAMAKRISHNAN ELANCHERAN, PALANISAMY REVATHI, PALANI SUGANYA and KUPPUSAMY KRISHNASAMY* Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar 608002, India *Author for correspondence ([email protected]) MS received 11 March 2020; accepted 8 June 2020 Abstract. This study aims to develop the graphene oxide-based metal sulphide nanocomposite, which has outstanding photocatalytic properties. The graphene oxide (GO) was prepared by the Hummers method, and GO/nickel sulphide (GO/ NiS) nanocomposite was synthesized by the hydrothermal method to evaluate the photocatalytic dye degradation. The synthesized nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, ultraviolet–visible, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Photocatalytic dye degradation efficiency of GO, NiS and GO/NiS nanocomposites were evaluated by using crystal violet (CV) dye. The GO/NiS nanocomposite exhibited good photocatalytic activity as compared to NiS as well as GO. The optimum condition obtained for the effective photocatalytic degradation of CV is pH = 8.0, crystal violet = 2.0 9 10-5 M, nanocomposite = 0.30 g. The rate of degradation of CV with the composite was found to be 2.39 9 10-4 s-1. Keywords.
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Graphene oxide; nickel sulphide; nanocomposite; photocatalytic degradation.
Introduction
The textile industry plays a vital role in economic growth, but it generates a massive quantity of textile waste that is damaging the environment. Approximately 1–20% of the colour created all-inclusive is lost during the process and is assorted with river water [1–5]. This wastewater creates too many serious environmental and climate issues affecting the society. To overcome these issues, the photocatalytic degradation is used as the promising technology due to its advantage of degradation of organic pollutants. Graphene has excellent photocatalytic activity, good flexibility and electrical conductivity due to its high surface area [6–10]. It was proven that the photodegradation was influenced by the functional groups of graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite [11]. Several reports highlighted that the photocatalytic degradation with metal sulphides such as NiS, CuS, CdS, etc. have been effectively used to remove the organic pollutants from water [12–14]. Semiconductors such as TiO2, ZnO, NiS and NiO have been tested as photocatalysts as a result of their electronic structure, which is influenced by filled valence band and an empty conduction band [15,16]. This process generates active oxidizing and reducing species, which attach and convert organic pollutants into harmless and straightforward products such as carbon dioxide and water. Nickel sulphide (NiS) has been extensively studied a
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