Sonolytic, sonocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic degradation of a methyl violet 2B using iron-based catalyst
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Sonolytic, sonocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic degradation of a methyl violet 2B using iron‑based catalyst Amina Benomara1 · Fouad Guenfoud1 · Malika Mokhtari1 · Amel Boudjemaa2 Received: 24 September 2020 / Accepted: 26 October 2020 © Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary 2020
Abstract The degradation of methyl violet 2B was efficiently carried out using sonolytic and sonophotocatalytic processes, FePO4 is a heterogeneous catalyst which has already shown its efficiency for the photocatalytic degradation of the earlier mentioned dye was used as a catalyst for the sonolytic process under a constant frequency of 500 kHz, effect of the parameters: pH, catalyst concentration ultrasonic intensity and dye concentration were also studied. The results show that a better degradation occurred under acidic pH (pH 3) with 1 g/L of the catalyst and an ultrasonic power P = 80 W. To further optimize the degradation process, ultrasound was coupled with UV radiation (λ = 254 nm), the dye degradation was improved from 68% using the sonolysis process to 100% using the sonophotocatalytic process with FePO4 as heterogeneous catalyst. Finally, degradation byproducts formed under optimized conditions were identified. Keywords Methyl violet 2B · Degradation · Catalyst · Sonolysis · Sonocatalysis · Sonophotocatalysis
Introduction When it comes to top polluting industries, textile industry ranks the first in freshwater pollution. It is estimated that 700,000 to 1,000,000 tons of dyes are produced annually and 17–20% of it is released into the environment during the dyeing process [1]. In addition, these industries use huge volumes of fresh water; for example, a textile factory with a production rate of 8000 kg of fabrics per day consumes more than a million
* Malika Mokhtari [email protected] 1
Inorganic Chemistry and Environment Laboratory, University of Tlemcen, BP 119, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria
2
Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques, Siège ex‑Pasna Zone Industrielle, BP 384, CP 42004 Bou‑Ismail, Tipaza, Algeria
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Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis
liters of fresh water, while the waste generated is estimated at around 15 to 20% of the total effluents [2]. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are one of the most efficient processes for waste water treatment [3, 4], the hydroxyl radicals (·OH) can be generated thought different processes including Fenton [5], electrochemical [6], photolysis [7], and sonolysis, due to their high oxidative potential and their non-selectivity these radicals are very effective for the destruction of persistent organic pollutants [8]. Acoustic cavitation derived from high intensity ultrasonic irradiation of a liquid can provide unusual and unique reaction-sites, which are attributed to extremely transient and small cavitation bubbles with high temperature and high pressure (temperature of 5000 K and pressure of 100 atm) [9, 10]. The chemical reactions and their reactions pathways during cavitation are often different from tho
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