Photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet dye under sunlight by chitosan-encapsulated ternary metal selenide microsph
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet dye under sunlight by chitosan-encapsulated ternary metal selenide microspheres Waqar Ahmad 1 & Adnan Khan 1 & Nisar Ali 2 & Sana Khan 1 & Salah Uddin 1 & Sumeet Malik 1 & Nauman Ali 1 & Hamayun Khan 3 & Hammad Khan 4 & Muhammad Bilal 5 Received: 7 June 2020 / Accepted: 16 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Organic dyes that are extensively released in wastewater from various industries remain the priority concern in the modern world. Therefore, a novel catalyst, bismuth–iron selenide, was prepared through the solvothermal process for photocatalytic degradation of a carcinogenic crystal violet dye. The catalyst was supported with chitosan to form iron–bismuth selenide–chitosan microspheres (BISe-CM). The synthesized catalyst was composed of iron, bismuth, and selenium in a definite proportion based on EDX analysis. FTIR analysis confirmed the synthesis of BISe-CM from characteristic bands of metal selenium bond as well as the typical bands of chitosan. SEM analysis illustrated the average diameter of the barren catalyst to be 54.8 nm, while the average size of the microspheres was 982.5 um. The BISe-CM has the surface of a pore with an average size of 0.5 um. XRD analysis revealed that the synthesized catalyst was composed of Fe3Se4 and Bi2Se3. The prepared catalyst showed better degradation efficiency for crystal violet dye at optimized conditions under solar irradiation. Employing 0.2 g of BISe-CM resulted in complete degradation for 30 ppm of crystal violet dye in 150 min at pH 8.0. The reusability of the catalyst up to four consecutive times makes it a more attractive and practical candidate. Moreover, the catalyst followed pseudo-first-order kinetics in the decontamination of crystal violet. Conclusively, the novel photocatalyst showed the best decolorizing property of crystal violet under sunlight irradiation and could be a suitable alternative for dye decontamination from wastewater.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10898-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Keywords Environmental pollution . Crystal violet . Degradation . Solvothermal . Photocatalyst . Chitosan microspheres . Reusability
Responsible editor: Sami Rtimi * Adnan Khan [email protected] * Muhammad Bilal [email protected] 1
Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25120, Pakistan
2
Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu Province, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Deep Utilization Technology of Rock-salt Resource, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
3
Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25120, Pakistan
4
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of E
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