Electrochemical Determination of Phenothrin in Agricultural Formulations, Vegetables, and Storage Bags of Wheat and Rice
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Electrochemical Determination of Phenothrin in Agricultural Formulations, Vegetables, and Storage Bags of Wheat and Rice by Differential Pulse Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry (DP-AdSV) T. Thriveni & J. Rajesh Kumar & Jin-Young Lee & N. Y. Sreedhar
Received: 9 January 2008 / Accepted: 6 August 2008 / Published online: 30 August 2008 # Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2008
Abstract An electroanalytical method has been developed for the determination of the pesticide phenothrin by differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry on a hanging mercury drop electrode in universal buffer as supporting electrolyte. The best adsorption conditions were found to be pH 6.0, an accumulation potential of −0.6 V, and an accumulation time of 75 s. Effects of stirring rate, scan rate, pulse amplitude, and purge time were examined for the optimization of instrumental conditions. Calibration curve is linear in the range 2×10−9 to 2×10−7 mol l−1 with a detection limit of 1.9×10−10 mol l−1. The correlation coefficient and relative standard deviation were 0.995% and 1.1%. The method is applied to the determination of the phenothrin in agricultural formulations, vegetables, and storage bags of wheat and rice under Food Corporation of India’s storage system. Keywords Phenothrin . Agricultural Formulations . Vegetables . DP-AdSV
T. Thriveni : J. Rajesh Kumar : N. Y. Sreedhar (*) Electroanalytical Labs, Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati 517 502 Andhra Pradesh, India e-mail: [email protected] J. Rajesh Kumar : J.-Y. Lee Metals Recovery Group, Minerals & Materials Processing Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience & Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Yuesong-gu, Daejeon 305-350, South Korea
Introduction Phenothrin [3-phenoxybenzyl-(RS)-cis, trans-2, 2-dimethyl3-2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropane carboxylate] (Fig. 1) is a broad-spectrum insecticide used for the control of insect disease vectors and widely used in agriculture to control insect pests. It is considered to be safe for mammals. Phenothrin was used mainly on vegetables, fruits, potatoes, cereals, and grains. There are several methods available for the determination of phenothrin. Development of enzyme immunoassays for the detection of phenothrin has been reported (Lee et al. 2004). Recently, immunoassays were developed for the detection of phenothrin (Skerritt et al. 1992). Esteve-Turrillas et al. (2005, 2006) developed a method for the extraction of pyrethroid insecticides from semi-permeable membrane devices which were pre-concentrated in gas phase and for the determination of pyrethroid insecticide residues in vegetable oils based in a solid-phase extraction with combined solid support phases. Several chromatographic methods (Leng and Gries 2005; Leng et al. 2006; Haddad et al. 1989; Noble et al. 1982; Bottomley and Baker 1984; Evans and Drew 2004; Loper and Anderson 2003) have been reported for the determination of phenothrin in various crops, foods, environmental matrices, and biological samples. Electrochemical investigations of pyreth
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