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lectronic Circuit Design and Application

Electronic Circuit Design and Application

Stephan J. G. Gift • Brent Maundy

Electronic Circuit Design and Application

Stephan J. G. Gift Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago

Brent Maundy Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada

ISBN 978-3-030-46988-7 ISBN 978-3-030-46989-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46989-4

(eBook)

# Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

S.J.G. Gift dedicates the book to his parents, his wife Sandra, and two sons Allister and Christopher.

Preface

Electronics is one of the most exciting areas of technology today. The semiconductor or microelectronics revolution that started with the invention of the transistor in 1947 and followed later by the introduction of the integrated circuit comprising many transistors on a single chip continues unabated. This most remarkable technology has resulted in the introduction of the microprocessor, the personal computer, cell phone, and MP3 player as well as the GPS, smart phone, the Internet, and the self-driving car. New and amazing electronic systems and sub-systems are introduced annually and the consumer is exposed to a dazzling array of truly amazing gadgets and devices. This wonderful inventiveness has been fueled by unprecedented levels of transistor integration density with the number of transistors on a single chip growing from a few thousand in the early 1970s to over 10 billion in 2020. Moore’s law, which holds that transistor IC density will double every 2 years, still has relevance some 50 years after it was first proposed. Thus, extreme