Elevated exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may trigger cancers in Pakistan: an environmental, occupati
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Elevated exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may trigger cancers in Pakistan: an environmental, occupational, and genetic perspective Muhammad Yasir Abdur Rehman 1 & Malik Mumtaz Taqi 2 & Imran Hussain 3,4 & Jawad Nasir 5 & Syed Hussain Haider Rizvi 5 & Jabir Hussain Syed 6 Received: 16 May 2019 / Accepted: 27 April 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carcinogenic compounds which are emitted through incomplete combustion of organic materials, fossil fuels, consumption of processed meat, smoked food, and from various industrial activities. High molecular mass and mobility make PAHs widespread and lethal for human health. A cellular system in human detoxifies these toxicants through specialized enzymatic machinery called xenobiotic-metabolizing (CYP450) and phase-II (GSTs) enzymes (XMEs). These metabolizing enzymes include cytochromes P450 family (CYP1, CYP2), glutathione s-transferases, and ALDHs. Gene polymorphisms in XMEs encoding genes can compromise their metabolizing capacity to detoxify ingested carcinogens (PAHs etc.) that may lead to prolong and elevated exposure to ingested toxicants and may consequently lead to cancer. Moreover, PAHs can induce cancer through reprograming XMEs’ gene functions by altering their epigenetic markers. This review article discusses possible interplay between individual’s gene polymorphism in XMEs’ genes, their altered epigenetic markers, and exposure to PAHs in cancer susceptibility in Pakistan. Keywords CYPP450 . GSTM 1 . ALDH . Polymorphism . Carcinogenic . PAHs
Introduction Urbanization and industrialization have exponentially increased the emission of environmental toxicants that have Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues * Jabir Hussain Syed [email protected] 1
Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, PO 45320, Pakistan
2
NORMENT, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
3
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, PO 45320, Pakistan
4
Business Unit Environmental Resources and Technologies, Center for Energy, Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT), Vienna, Austria
5
Earth Sciences Directorate, Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), P.O. Box 8402, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
6
Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
led to a substantial rise in global cancer burden in recent years (Popat et al. 2013). Approximately 12 million people are being diagnosed with cancer every year while over 8 million cancer patients die each year. Cancer has become a leading cause of mortality in developed countries while in developing countries it is second only to heart disease (WHO 2013). Respiratory tract cancers (tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer) are the most prevalent type of cancer and claim over 1.7
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