Enhanced biogas from sewage sludge digestion using iron nanocatalyst from Vitex negundo leaf extract: response surface m
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Enhanced biogas from sewage sludge digestion using iron nanocatalyst from Vitex negundo leaf extract: response surface modeling D. Thiruselvi1 · M. Yuvarani1 · A. Salma1 · Y. Arafath2 · D. Jagadiswary3 · M. A. Kumar4 · D. Anuradha5 · P. Shanmugam6 · S. Sivanesan1 Received: 16 April 2020 / Revised: 30 August 2020 / Accepted: 8 September 2020 © Islamic Azad University (IAU) 2020
Abstract In this study, Vitex negundo leaf extract (VN) were utilized as a potential reducing agent to enable greener synthesis of iron nanocatalyst (VN-FeNCs). The synthesis time and ratio of extract to precursor and pH of extract for green synthesis of VN-FeNCs were optimized. Furthermore, the synthesized VN-FeNCs were characterized for morphological, functional and spectral properties. VN-FeNCs were supplemented for the anaerobic digestion of the sludge. Augmentation of VN-FeNCs improvised the methane yield with reduction of chemical oxygen demand up to 86% and volatile solids up to 93.6% with a retention time of 12 days. The highest biogas yield of 0.45 (L/g VS reduced) is obtained with VN-FeNCs aided digestion whereas digestion with bulk salt and control yielded 0.13 (L/g VS reduced) and 0.07 (L/g VS reduced) respectively. The central composite matrix under the response surface optimization was employed to estimate the optimal process conditions, and the outcome reveals that reactions when maintained at pH 7.0 with 0.2 g/L of VN-FeNCs escalated good biogas production on 6th day. Conclusively, the remarkable reduction in the digestion time would contribute to increase the life span of biogas digester and will reduce the overall maintenance cost. Keywords Anaerobic digestion · Biogas · Green synthesis · Nanocatalyst · Vitex negundo Editorial responsibility: Binbin Huang. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-02933-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * S. Sivanesan [email protected] 1
Department of Applied Science and Technology, Alagappa College of Technology, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
2
Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
3
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College, Puducherry, India
4
Analytical and Environmental Science Division & Centralized Instrument Facility, CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India
5
Center for Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
6
Environmental Technology Division, CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Introduction The majority of current global energy needs are met by fossil fuels which are innately unsustainable due to their nonrenewable nature (Kristian et al. 2018; Tsapekos et al. 2019; Fatima et al. 2020) and the plethora of environmental issues they cause leading to a decline in the quality of life and an immense negative soci
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