Environmental and Economic Approach to Assess a Horizontal Sub-Surface Flow Wetland in Developing Area
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Environmental and Economic Approach to Assess a Horizontal Sub-Surface Flow Wetland in Developing Area Carme Machí Castañer 1 & Águeda Bellver-Domingo 2 Francesc Hernández-Sancho 2
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Received: 8 March 2020 / Accepted: 21 July 2020/ # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract
Many urbanized areas in tropical climate regions are coping with water contamination due to inadequate sewage collection, particularly in communities that inhabit marginal land of rapid-growth. Relying on large-scale Waste-Water Treatment Plants -WWTPs and implementation of traditional sewage collection infrastructures have proven limited success to cope with the mentioned problem. Alternatives based on Nature-based Solutions - NbS, have the potential to deliver des-centralized treatment as well as additional socio-environmental benefits for the improvement of urban poor conditions. This research focused on modelling cost-efficiency and environmental performance of Nb-S implemented in fast-growing urban areas of the developing countries. A Horizontal SubSurface Flow Constructed Wetland - HSSF-CW is proposed to perform as complementary cost-effective decentralized treatment of local sewage. P-K-C* model is applied as sizing approach of the system for a 60% minimum removal of Biological Oxygen Demand - BOD in the influent. Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) has been used to analyse the feasibility of the CW proposal with environmental performance of CW modelled through shadow prices methodology. Shadow prices of contaminants, i.e. phosphorus, nitrogen and BOD, act as a proxy of environmental benefit in monetary units, allowing to include the environmental performance of CW into CBA. This new method combines both P-K-C* sizing approach and environmental performance through shadow prices to enhance best allocation of resources for water treatment. Keywords Wastewater treatment . Constructed wetland . Horizontal sub-surface flow . Feasibility analysis . Environmental benefit
* Carme Machí Castañer [email protected]
1
University of São Paulo, Butantã, São Paulo, SP 05508-080, Brazil
2
Institute of Local Development (ILD-WATER), Water Economics Group, University of Valencia, Avda. Tarongers S/N, 46022 Valencia, Spain
Castañer C.M. et al.
1 Introduction Now-a-days water problems are an important factor of unsustainable urban development and particularly concentrate in regions of rapid-growth. The adoption of hard engineered solutions, fast-growing urbanization, soil sealing and the introduction of new urban contaminants can led to damage of headwaters, floodplains and rivers. In these contexts, planning for water security has traditionally relied on the integration of grey infrastructure, such as WWTPs and conventional drainage solutions. However, the results from the implementation of such measures have not met the desired quality targets in many cases i.e. São Paulo City1 (Stepping 2016). Moreover, literature has demonstrated that inclusion of natural infrastructure (wetlands, river ecosystems, etc), from which water supplies are sourced, can provi
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