Analysis of conservative tracer measurement results inside a planted horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland fill
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Analysis of conservative tracer measurement results inside a planted horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland filled with coarse gravel using Frechet distribution Ernő Dittrich 1
&
Mihály Klincsik 2 & Dávid Somfai 1 & Anita Dolgos-Kovács 1 & Tibor Kiss 1 & Anett Szekeres 3
Received: 23 March 2020 / Accepted: 21 July 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract We worked out a method in Maple environment to help understand the difficult transport processes in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands filled with coarse gravel (HSFCW-C). With this process, the measured tracer results of the inner points of a HSFCW-C can be fitted more accurately than with the conventionally used distribution functions (Gaussian, Lognormal, Fick (Inverse Gaussian) and Gamma). This research outcome only applies for planted HSFCW-Cs. The outcome of the analysis shows that conventional solutions completely stirred series tank reactor (CSTR) model and convection-dispersion transport (CDT) model do not describe the internal transport processes with sufficient accuracy. This study may help us develop better process descriptions of very complex transport processes in HSFCW-Cs. Our results also revealed that the tracer response curves of planted HSFCW-C conservative inner points can be fitted well with Frechet distribution only if the response curve has one peak. Keywords Frechet distribution . Inverse Gaussian distribution . Subsurface flow constructed wetlands . Transport processes . Tracer test . Internal hydraulic variability
Nomenclature CW FSCW SFCW VSFCW HSFCW-C
HRT D [m2/h]
Constructed wetland Free-surface flow constructed wetland Subsurface flow constructed wetland Subsurface flow constructed wetland with vertical flow direction Horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland using coarse gravel filter media Hydraulic retention time Dispersion coefficient
Responsible Editor: Alexandros Stefanakis * Ernő Dittrich [email protected] 1
Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Pécs, Boszorkány u. 2, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
2
Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Pécs, Boszorkány u. 2, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
3
Hidro-Consulting Ltd., Budai Nagy Antal u. 1, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
x [m] CDT CSTR LiCl C [mg/l] L [m] S/1, S/2, S/3 and S/4 D-CDT R2
Longitudinal coordinate Convection-dispersion tank Continuous stirred-tank reactor Lithium-chloride Concentration Length of seepage zone Reference numbers of own measurements Divided convective-dispersive tank Statistical coefficient of determination
Introduction Constructed wetlands (CWs)—also known as treatment wetlands—are engineered systems for wastewater treatment. Constructed wetlands have a very low or zero energy demand; therefore, operation and maintenance costs are significantly reduced compared with conventional treatment systems (Almuktar et al. 2018). There are two main types of constructed wetlands: freesurface flow systems (FSF-CW) and subsurface flo
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