Estimating the synergistic and antagonistic effects of dual antibiotics on plants through root elongation test
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Estimating the synergistic and antagonistic effects of dual antibiotics on plants through root elongation test Li Yang1 Yu-Xi Feng1 Hua Zhang1 Xiao-Zhang Yu1 ●
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Accepted: 27 October 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Antibiotics are recently recognized as a group of emerging environmental contaminants that are frequently detected in various environmental matrixes. Relative root elongation (RRE) test is a rapid and effective strategy to evaluate the water/ soil quality and the toxic effects of environmental contaminants on plants. In the present study, we examine the toxicity effect of ciprofloxacin (CIP), norfloxacin (NOR), and tetracycline (TET) to pakchoi individually and in combinations. Both independent action (IA) and concentration addition (CA) models are used for toxicity assessment. Results showed that the EC50 values of CIP, NOR, and TET are 193.59, 60.81, and 40.37 μM, respectively. Combinations of TET + CIP and TET + NOR caused more inhibitory effects on root elongation than those of CIP + NOR. Toxic Unit (TU) and Synergistic Ratio (SR) analysis showed that the relatively lower (higher) EC values are observed in the combinations with lower (higher) antibiotic concentrations, suggesting an effect of low-dose synergism and high-dose antagonism. The reliability of the simulation results from IA and CA models to predict that combined toxicity is highly dependent upon the results from the analysis of TU or SR. Keywords Antibiotic Effective concentration Root elongation TU/SR method CA/IA model ●
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Introduction The increasing global population and higher average life expectancies attribute to all kinds of emerging pharmaceuticals (Santos et al. 2010). However, most pharmaceuticals (e.g., antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, lipid regulator agents, beta-blockers, cancer therapeutics) after ingestion are not fully transformed in the human and animal bodies, and thereby are excreted as a bioactive substance into wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) (Du and Liu 2012; Carvalho et al. 2014; Jiang et al. 2014). Often, the current WWTPs methods do not eliminate these compounds
These authors contributed equally: Li Yang, Yu-Xi Feng Supplementary information The online version of this article (https:// doi.org/10.1007/s10646-020-02308-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Xiao-Zhang Yu [email protected] 1
College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 541004 Guilin, People’s Republic of China
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adequately (Gao et al. 2012), and consequently, these compounds get discharged into the receiving water bodies as well as into the environmental matrixes including surface water, soils, vegetations (Harris et al. 2012). Recently, there is a great interest of researchers to investigate the pharmaceutical residues and their negative impacts on different living organisms such as plants (Andreozzi et al. 2004; Fent et al. 2006; Christou et al. 2018). For example, stres
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