Occurrence, sources and potential risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a permafrost soil core, northeast China
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Occurrence, sources and potential risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a permafrost soil core, northeast China Yanan Li1 Shuying Zang1 Ke Zhang2 Deyao Sun3 Li Sun1 ●
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Accepted: 29 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an AMS 14C-dated permafrost soil core extracted from continuous permafrost zone were measured to reconstruct the pollution history from the early Holocene (ca. 15480 a BP) and its potential risks under climate changes were evaluated in northeast China. Total PAH concentrations varied from 209 to 2161 ng/g through the core, which were moderately contaminated in the surface but heavily contaminated historically. Factor analysis indicated that volcanic activity, diagenesis from biological precursors and palaeo forest fires were dominant PAH sources, while petroleum emission was identified in the active layer due to the construction of China–Russia oil pipeline. Significant increases in 5-ring, 6-ring and 7 carcinogenic PAHs (p < 0.05) were observed from surface to the interface of the active layer and ice-rich permafrost layer, showing a selective downward migration in the active layer which might be effected by the repetitive cycles of freezing and thawing. Results implied that PAHs in the ice-rich permafrost layer could lead to an unpredictably serious consequence under the further climate warming. Keywords PAHs Permafrost core Source apportionment Risk assessment Northeast China ●
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Introduction Increasing worldwide attention about the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been addressed due to their adverse effects on human health and environmental safety (Zhao et al. 2012; Chen et al. 2017). PAHs can be mainly originated from both natural and anthropogenic emissions, such as natural fires, domestic heating, industrial activities, and vehicular exhausts (Wang et al. 2016). While PAHs in preindustrial or ancient substrates were mainly generated by incomplete combustion of
* Shuying Zang [email protected] * Li Sun [email protected] 1
Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Geographical Environment Monitoring and Spatial Information Service in Cold Regions, Harbin Normal University, Harbin 150025, China
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Tian Rong Environment S&T Development Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300380, China
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College of Resources and Environmental Science, Hebei Normal University for Nationalities, Chengde 067000, China
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vegetation and fossil fuels, as well as by derivation from biological precursors that were transformed during sedimentary diagenesis and catagenesis (Nabbefeld et al. 2010). Once they were released into the atmosphere, PAHs eventually reached to places far away from the source region by long range atmospheric transportation (Wania 2003; Lin et al. 2017). Hence, this process of global fractionation caused a wide geographical distributions of PAHs, enhancing its depositions in remote areas (Valle et al. 2005; Wania and Westgate 2008). Existence of
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