Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated sediments by persulfate oxidation and determination of deg
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WATER ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND STATE OF THE ART TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-contaminated sediments by persulfate oxidation and determination of degradation product cytotoxicity based on HepG2 and ZF4 cell lines Cheng-Di Dong 1 & Mei-Ling Tsai 2 & Tsing-Hai Wang 3 & Jih-Hsing Chang 4 & Chiu-Wen Chen 1 & Chang-Mao Hung 1 Received: 26 November 2018 / Accepted: 28 January 2019 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract This study evaluated the use of magnetite (Fe3O4), carbon black (CB), and Fe3O4-CB composites activated by persulfate (PS) at circumneutral pH to oxidize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in marine sediments. In addition, the in vitro cytotoxic activity and apoptotic response of the obtained degradation products were investigated. Chemical analyses showed that the total PAH concentration was 26,263 ng/g for sediment samples from an industrial port area. Highly toxic BaP was the main contributor to the TEQ in sediments. Source analyses demonstrated that the PAHs in the sediment were derived from coal combustion. In this study, we found that the PS oxidation processes effectively degrade PAHs at concentration levels of 1.7 × 10−5 M at pH 6.0. The 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was employed to assess the cytotoxicity of the PAH degradation products before and after Fe3O4/PS, CB/PS, and Fe3O4-CB/PS oxidation treatment using a human hepatoma carcinoma cell line (HepG2) and a zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryonic cell line (ZF4). Each sample extract showed a marked dose-related response, with the cell viability reduced by 82% in the case of HepG2 and 58% in the case of ZF4 at 100 μg/mL after the Fe3O4-CB/PS process. The PAH degradation products had different effects on the cell morphologies of the two cell lines. The results suggested that the ZF4 cell model is more sensitive than HepG2 to the toxicity of the PAH samples. Keywords Persulfate . Magnetite . Carbon black . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons . Cytotoxicity . HepG2 cells . ZF4 cells . MTT assay
Introduction Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are widespread anthropogenic Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues * Chiu-Wen Chen [email protected] * Chang-Mao Hung [email protected] 1
Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
2
Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
3
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Zhongli, Taiwan
4
Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung City, Taiwan
contaminants in sediments and aquatic systems (Yuan et al. 2017). PAHs pose severe public health concerns owing to their carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic effects (Lin et al. 2008). To remediate PAH-contaminated sediments, chemical oxidation tr
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