Extensive efficacy tests of non-antibiotic fire blight control agents
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Extensive efficacy tests of non-antibiotic fire blight control agents Georg Bantleon 1,2 & Christian Scheer 2 & Karin Hartung 3 & Ralf T. Voegele 1 Received: 28 November 2019 / Accepted: 12 November 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Application of control agents to prevent new infections is an integral part of disease management for fire blight on pome trees caused by Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al.. Due to resistance development and human health concerns when using antibiotics, non-antibiotic control agents with high efficacy are urgently needed. In this study extensive efficacy tests with some classical antibiotic and relatively new non-antibiotic control agents for the prevention of bloom and shoot blight as well as phytotoxicity tests based on fruit russeting were carried out using young apple trees. Furthermore an experimental design for testing control agents preventing fire blight following hail injury was developed. The high efficacy of streptomycin (> 90%) and streptomycin containing spray strategies (> 80%) was confirmed. Non-antibiotic agents with high efficacy are LMA (85%), a potassium aluminum sulfate, and Juglon (80%). LMA is already in use in practice in Austria and Germany with a temporal and restricted permission and the administrative process to gain the legal status of a pesticide is ongoing whilst already admitted in Switzerland. Juglon, an organic compound from walnut, did show a high efficacy, but no consistent results (80.0 and 69.5%). Myco-Sin showed good results to prevent infection after artificial hail simulation. Antinfek showed high efficacy (90%) in preventing bloom blight, but could be tested only once so further research is needed to confirm this result. The design of the presented study enabled an extensive evaluation of the potential control agents and the aggregation and comparison of results and can be advised for other evaluations. Keywords Erwinia amylovora . Control measures . Chemical control . Bacterial disease . Apple
Introduction Erwinia amylovora (Burill 1882) (Winslow et al. 1920), a Gram-negative, flagellated and rod shaped bacterium with a width of 0.3 μm and a length of 1 to 3 μm and an extracellular polysaccharide capsule, is the causative agent of fire blight, the most devastating bacterial disease of rosaceous plants, especially on apple and pears (Eastgate 2000). Implications are high economic losses in commercial pome fruit
* Ralf T. Voegele [email protected] 1
Fachgebiet Phytopathologie, Institut für Phytomedizin, Fakultät Agrarwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Otto-Sander-Straße 5, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
2
Übergebietliche Pflanzenschutzberatung und Versuchswesen, Kompetenzzentrum Obstbau Bodensee, Schumacherhof 6, 88213 Ravensburg, Germany
3
Fachgebiet Biostatistik, Institut für Kulturpflanzenwissenschaften, Fakultät Agrarwissenschaften, Universität Hohenheim, Fruwirthstraße 20, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
production, namely on apple and pear (Bonn and van der Zwet 2000). First observed in North America in
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