Flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foams containing thermoregulating microcapsules with phosphazene-based monomers
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Flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foams containing thermoregulating microcapsules with phosphazene-based monomers Anna M. Szczotok1,2, Dan Madsen3, Angel Serrano1, Manuel Carmona1, Patrick Van Hees3, Juan F. Rodriguez1, and Anna-Lena Kjøniksen2,* 1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. De Camilo Jose Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain 2 Faculty of Engineering, Østfold University College, P.O. Box 700, 1757 Halden, Norway 3 Division of Fire Safety Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Received: 8 June 2020
ABSTRACT
Accepted: 20 September 2020
Thermoregulating microcapsules (MC) with flame-retardant properties were used to produce polyurethane (PU) foams. Thermogravimetric analyses of the microcapsules performed under atmospheric air and nitrogen confirmed that the hexa(methacryloylethylenedioxy) cyclotriphosphazene (PNC-HEMA) monomer raised the amount of residue after exposure to high temperature, proving the formation of a thermally stable char layer. Additionally, the flameretardant properties of the microcapsules were analyzed by micro-combustion calorimetry (MCC), and the PU foams were tested by both MCC and cone calorimetry. The total heat release and maximum heat release rate were lower for microcapsules containing the flame-retardant PNC-HEMA. The composition of the microcapsules has been proved by MCC and TGA, where the release of the encapsulated phase change material (PCM) occurred at the expected temperature. However, in PU foams, the release of PCM is shifted to higher temperatures. Accordingly, these materials can be considered as an important alternative to commonly used microcapsules containing phase PCMs, where a lower flammability is required for their future application.
Published online: 14 October 2020
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The Author(s) 2020
Handling Editor: Maude Jimenez.
Address correspondence to E-mail: [email protected]
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05389-6
1173
J Mater Sci (2021) 56:1172–1188
GRAPHIC ABSTRACT
Introduction The total energy consumption is increasing quickly every year whereas the production of environmentally friendly energy is not enough to ensure the energy demand, which results in undesired environmental consequences. In order to address these issues, passive solar systems implemented in various building parts can be a partial but effective solution to reduce the energy consumption. Since the source of the solar energy is time dependent and affected by weather conditions, an effective solar system requires utilization of compounds which absorb, store and release energy. One of the compounds that fulfills these requirements is phase change materials (PCM), which are thermal energy storage materials. PCMs are divided into organic, inorganic and eutectics compounds [1]. However, utilizing bulk quantities of organic PCMs such as paraffin or fatty acids results in low thermal conductivity, flammability, solidification around the edges, and diminished heat transfer [2, 3]. I
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