Formation of OSA and dispersion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a tropical estuary as a tool in the prevention of
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Formation of OSA and dispersion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a tropical estuary as a tool in the prevention of environmental impacts: influence of the biogeochemical characteristics of the estuary Samires Moura Malaquias Pinheiro & Marcos de Almeida & Olívia Maria Cordeiro Oliveira & Ícaro Thiago Andrade Moreira Received: 11 June 2019 / Accepted: 16 December 2019 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The formation of an oil-suspended particulate material aggregate (OSA) is one of the weathering processes that occur after the spill of oil in marine environments, responsible for the dispersion of hydrocarbons. Oil and particle aggregates are formed from the interaction between small oil droplets and suspended particulate matter (SPM). In general, SPM are fine particles which may be inorganic minerals or organic particles in the water column. OSAs provide vertical dispersion of oil along the water column depending on the acquired density (buoyancy), and may remain near the surface, water column, or bottom of water bodies. The present study examines the formation of these aggregates through the S. M. M. Pinheiro (*) : M. de Almeida : O. M. C. Oliveira : Í. T. A. Moreira Lepetro/ Pospetro Institute of Geosciences, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo, s/n, Salvador, BA 40170-290, Brazil e-mail: [email protected]
M. de Almeida e-mail: [email protected] O. M. C. Oliveira e-mail: [email protected] Í. T. A. Moreira e-mail: [email protected] Í. T. A. Moreira Polytechnic School, Department of Environmental and Sanitary Engineering, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Professor Aristídes Novis, 2, Salvador, BA 40210-630, Brazil
laboratory simulation of an oil spill in the waters of the São Paulo river estuary. The main objective was to investigate the dispersion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), verifying which estuary characteristics most influenced the formation of OSAs and in addition to determine the regions of probable ecotoxicological impact due to the negative buoyancy of the formed aggregate. The results show that there was greater dispersion to the water column, mainly of lighter PAHs, ranging from 85,804.05 ng g−1 (P11C) to 566,989.84 ng g−1 (P17C). The percentage of dispersed PAH concentration per experimental unit ranged from 9.90% in unit P2 to 75.27% in unit P18. The formation of OSAs was influenced mainly by salinity and chlorophyll a. As the most vulnerable regions, the impacts are one mouth (P2 and P4), one central region (P7, P8, and P10), and one source (P18). Keywords Oil . Oil-suspended particulate material aggregates (OSAs) . Ecotoxicological impacts . Todos os Santos Bay
Introduction Exploration, transportation, and refining of petroleum and its derivatives are the basis of the global energy sector, but it is tied to environmental risks and accidents, bringing damages to the ecosystems and populations that live there (Siqueira et al. 2004; Moraes 2007; ITOPF 2019). Oil can be released into the marine environment through routine or accident
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