Fungal Reactors: A Solution for the Removal of Pharmaceuticals in Urban and Hospital Wastewater
The pharmaceutical occurrence in surface and ground water bodies is due to low efficiency of the wastewater treatment plants in removing those pollutants. Their biological transformation using white-rot fungi has been proposed due to their unspecific intr
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Contents 1 Introduction 2 White-Rot Fungi 2.1 Enzymatic System of the Fungi 2.2 Bio-Oxidation/Redox-Mediated System 3 Type of Reactors with Fungi 3.1 Retained Fungi 3.2 Immobilized Fungi 4 Treatments of UWW and HWW with Fungi 4.1 Batch System 4.2 Continuous Treatment 5 Conclusions References
Abstract The pharmaceutical occurrence in surface and ground water bodies is due to low efficiency of the wastewater treatment plants in removing those pollutants. Their biological transformation using white-rot fungi has been proposed due to their unspecific intracellular and extracellular oxidoreductase enzymatic systems. This chapter summarizes and analyzes the studies performed on pharmaceuticals removal from urban and hospital wastewater using fungal reactors operating in batch or continuous mode. Due to low fungal growth rate, all reactors are based on the biomass reuse through the retention through the pellet morphology or membrane, or by immobilization on a support. The treatment of real wastewater in non-sterile conditions requires the assessment of effect of the native microorganism on the fungal treatment. The chapter also offers an insight into fungal enzymatic systems,
J. A. Mir-Tutusaus and M. Sarrà (*) Departament d’Enginyeria Química Biològica i Ambiental, Escola d’Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Sara Rodriguez-Mozaz, Paqui Blánquez Cano, and Montserrat Sarrá Adroguer (eds.), Removal and Degradation of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds in Wastewater Treatment, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_660, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
J. A. Mir-Tutusaus and M. Sarrà
types of reactors, and strategies to reduce bacteria effect and consequently maintaining fungal activity during a continuous treatment during long periods. Keywords Biomass retention, Immobilization, Non-sterile conditions, Real wastewater
1 Introduction Current wastewater treatment plants are not designed to remove pharmaceuticals; as a consequence, their effluents are one of the main sources of this pollution in surface and ground water bodies [1]. Although the concentration of those compounds is usually low, ranging from ng/L to μg/L, there is an increasing concern due their high activity even at a very low concentration. Among the many alternatives studied to remove emerging pollutants, biological treatments are preferred because they are regarded as a more environmentally friendly process. Nevertheless, not all biological systems have evidenced the same efficiency in removing pharmaceuticals compounds from wastewater. Among these eco-friendly treatments, the use of whiterot fungi (WRF) is an interesting option because these fungi have demonstrated the capacity to degrade a wide range of recalcitrant organic compounds, including emerging pollutants, due to their unspecific enzymatic system. Despite their high potential, an application at full scale does not exist. One of the drawbacks of the technology is the difficulty in maintaining the fungal activity for a lo
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