Gambogic Acid and Its Role in Chronic Diseases
Kokum, a spice derived from the fruit of the Garcinia hanburyi tree, is traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicines to facilitate digestion and to treat sores, dermatitis, diarrhoea, dysentery, and ear infection. One of the major active components of kokum
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Gambogic Acid and Its Role in Chronic Diseases Manoj K. Pandey, Deepkamal Karelia and Shantu G. Amin
Abstract Kokum, a spice derived from the fruit of the Garcinia hanburyi tree, is traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicines to facilitate digestion and to treat sores, dermatitis, diarrhoea, dysentery, and ear infection. One of the major active components of kokum is gambogic acid, also known as guttic acid, guttatic acid, beta-guttilactone, and beta-guttiferin. Gambogic acid’s anti-proliferative, anti-bacterial; antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects result from its modulation of numerous cell-signaling intermediates. This chapter discusses the sources, chemical components, mechanism of action, and disease targets of the kokum spice.
Keywords Neutraceuticals Dietary agents Gambogic acid Kokum Cancer Signal transduction pathways
15.1
Introduction
Mother Nature has gifted us a variety of natural agents, including nutraceuticals. One of the well-known nutraceuticals is Gambogic acid (GA), which is a xanthonoid derived from the brownish or orange resin from Garcinia hanburyi (Fig. 15.1). Garcinia hanburyi is a small to medium-sized evergreen tree with smooth gray bark, and it is native to Cambodia, southern Vietnam, and Thailand. Garcinia indica, primarily of Indian origin, is known by many names: bindin, biran, bhirand, bhinda, kokum, katambi, panarpuli, ratamba, amsol, and tamal. In English language, it is commonly known as mangosteen, wild mangosteen, red mango, Hanbury’s Garcinia, gambojia, gamboge, and Indian gamboge tree. Germans called this gummi-gutti. The Garcinia indica seed contains 23–26 % oil, which is used in confectionery, medicines, and cosmetics. It is used in curries and other dishes as a slightly bitter spice, a souring agent, and as a substitute for tamarind. M.K. Pandey (&) D. Karelia S.G. Amin Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, 500 University Dr., Hershey, PA 17033, USA e-mail: [email protected] © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 S.C. Gupta et al. (eds.), Anti-inflammatory Nutraceuticals and Chronic Diseases, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 928, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41334-1_15
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Garcinia hanburyi ( False Mangosteen)
Fruit and pulp
Dried pulp ( Kokum)
Gambogic Acid
Fig. 15.1 Plant species and fruits by which gambogic acid is derived. Highlighted circles on GA structure indicate the most common sites for novel derivative generation
In traditional medicine, such as ayurveda, kokum is prescribed for edema, rheumatism, delayed menstruation, constipation and other bowel complaints, and intestinal parasites. The extract of Garcinia cambogia is used as an herbal appetite suppressant and weight-loss supplement. In last decades, worldwide extensive studies have been performed on Gambogic acid to understand its full potential as therapeutic agents against variety of diseases including chronic diseases such as cancers which is summarized in following sections.
15.2
Physcioche
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