Sanguinarine and Its Role in Chronic Diseases
The use of natural products derived from plants as medicines precedes even the recorded human history. In the past few years there were renewed interests in developing natural compounds and understanding their target specificity for drug development for m
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Sanguinarine and Its Role in Chronic Diseases Pritha Basu and Gopinatha Suresh Kumar
Abstract The use of natural products derived from plants as medicines precedes even the recorded human history. In the past few years there were renewed interests in developing natural compounds and understanding their target specificity for drug development for many devastating human diseases. This has been possible due to remarkable advancements in the development of sensitive chemistry and biology tools. Sanguinarine is a benzophenanthridine alkaloid derived from rhizomes of the plant species Sanguinaria canadensis. The alkaloid can exist in the cationic iminium and neutral alkanolamine forms. Sanguinarine is an excellent DNA and RNA intercalator where only the iminium ion binds. Both forms of the alkaloid, however, shows binding to functional proteins like serum albumins, lysozyme and hemoglobin. The molecule is endowed with remarkable biological activities and large number of studies on its various activities has been published potentiating its development as a therapeutic agent particularly for chronic human diseases like cancer, asthma, etc. In this article, we review the properties of this natural alkaloid, and its diverse medicinal applications in relation to how it modulates cell death signaling pathways and induce apoptosis through different ways, its utility as a therapeutic agent for chronic diseases and its biological effects in animal and human models. These data may be useful to understand the therapeutic potential of this important and highly abundant alkaloid that may aid in the development of sanguinarine-based therapeutic agents with high efficacy and specificity.
Keywords Benzophenanthridine Sanguinarine Nucleic acid binding property Anticancer Antimicrobial
P. Basu G.S. Kumar (&) Biophysical Chemistry Laboratory, Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 S.C. Gupta et al. (eds.), Anti-inflammatory Nutraceuticals and Chronic Diseases, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 928, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41334-1_7
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Fig. 7.1 Molecular structure of sanguinarine
7.1
Introduction
Sanguinarine[13-methyl[1,3]benzodioxolo[5,6-c]-1,3-dioxolo[4,5-i]phenanthridinium] (Fig. 7.1) is the well-known member of the relatively small group of quaternary benzo [c]phenanthridine [QBA] alkaloids. Sanguinaria canadensis, also known as bloodroot, is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant of the papaveriaceae family. Bloodroot produces primarily the toxic alkaloid sanguinarine that is largely stored in the rhizome of the plant. From a medicinal perspective, QBAs in general and sanguinarine in particular, have many important properties. They display antimicrobial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects in addition to their putative anticancer activity that is widely studied. The molecular a
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