Gamma radiation in the mineral hot springs of Ardabil, Iran: Assessment of Environmental Dose Rate and health risk for s
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Gamma radiation in the mineral hot springs of Ardabil, Iran: Assessment of Environmental Dose Rate and health risk for swimmers Hamid Reza Ghaffari & Abbas Norouzian Baghani & Yusef Poureshg & Hadi Sadeghi & Pouya Babaei & Behzad Saranjam & Eslam Moradiasl & Amir Hossein Mahvi & Mehdi Fazlzadeh
Received: 29 January 2020 / Accepted: 2 June 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The main aim of this study was to evaluate gamma radiation level in the mineral hot springs of Ardabil province in Iran. In addition, the cancer risk of gamma radiation was assessed for swimmers. Natural gamma radiation was measured using Ion Chamber
H. R. Ghaffari Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran A. N. Baghani : A. H. Mahvi (*) : M. Fazlzadeh (*) Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Y. Poureshg : P. Babaei : B. Saranjam Health Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
Survey Meter 451B in 22 springs throughout the province. Gamma was measured at 20 cm and 100 cm above the ground level in 15 locations of each spring. Excess lifetime cancer risk was calculated to investigate the risk of exposure to gamma radiation. The highest and lowest annual absorbed dose rate of gamma were found to be 1.17(10−3) and 1.99(10−3) Sv/y at the height of 20 cm above the ground level and 5.26(10−4) and 1.52(10−3) Sv/y at the height of 100 cm above the ground level, respectively. Excess lifetime cancer risk ranged from 4.57(10−4) to 7.76(10−4) at the height of 20 cm and from 2.06(10−4) to 5.94(10−4) at the height of 100 cm which are lower than global average of 1.45(10−3) declared by the United Nations. Although the risk level in this study is lower than the global average, protective and preventive measures should be considered by individuals and authorities in these areas to reduce the effects of gamma radiation on the health of the swimmers.
H. Sadeghi : M. Fazlzadeh Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
Keywords Gamma radiation . Hot spring . Risk assessment . Lifetime cancer risk . Iran
P. Babaei : B. Saranjam Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
Introduction
E. Moradiasl Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran A. H. Mahvi Center forSolid Waste Resaerch, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Ionizing radiation refers to the high-energy radiation, which can detach electron from the atoms or molecules when passing through the materials (Montazerabadi et al. 2012). The International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) has categorized ionizing radiation into the following two categories: direct ionizing radiations
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