Temporospatial variation and health risk assessment of trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water (northwest Iran)
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Temporospatial variation and health risk assessment of trihalomethanes (THMs) in drinking water (northwest Iran) Mohammad Mosaferi 1,2 & Mehrdad Asadi 3 & Hassan Aslani 1 & Amir Mohammadi 4 & Sanaz Abedi 5 & Sepideh Nemati Mansour 5 & Shahram Maleki 6 Received: 31 May 2020 / Accepted: 30 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Trihalomethanes (THMs) are one of the most common classes of disinfection by-products. In this study, the temporospatial trends and health risks due to exposure to THMs in the Tabriz water distribution network were investigated. THM series were analyzed using gas chromatography equipped with electron capture detector. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks due to exposure to THMs were calculated using Monte Carlo simulations. Mean concentrations of THMs in winter and spring were 10.2 ± 9.3 μg/l and 252 ± 185.9 μg/l, respectively. More than 80% of THMs identified were bromodichloromethane. The mean values of lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) of THMs were calculated as 4.23E−06 and 2.38E−04 for winter and spring, respectively. This study showed that there were noticeable levels of THMs in Tabriz water distribution network, especially in the center of the city. Although the non-cancer risk through THMs was below permissible recommended levels, the cancer risk likely remains due to high levels of THMs in some locations. Keywords Disinfection by-products (DBPs) . Water quality . Cancer . Monte Carlo simulations . Tabriz
Introduction Responsible Editor: Lotfi Aleya Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11063-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Mohammad Mosaferi [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
2
Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
3
School of Engineering and the Built Environment, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, United Kingdom
4
Department of Public Health, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
5
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
6
Medical Geography, Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran
Chlorination can be done both towards the beginning of the water treatment process (pre-chlorination) and towards the end of the treatment process (post-chlorination). Prechlorination is beneficial in reducing microbial contamination of raw water, controlling of algal growth throughout treatment facilities, and aiding coagulation. Post-chlorination provides a final disinfection and provides free residual chlorine in the distribution network (Hendricks 2016). When water contains natural organic matter (NOM, e.g., decaying vegetation) and bromide ions, disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are formed as a result of the reaction between chlorine
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