Gene flow among wild and cultivated common walnut ( Juglans regia ) trees in the Qinling Mountains revealed by microsate
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Gene flow among wild and cultivated common walnut (Juglans regia) trees in the Qinling Mountains revealed by microsatellite markers Huijuan Zhou1 · Peng Zhao2 · Keith Woeste3 · Shuoxin Zhang1
Received: 24 December 2019 / Accepted: 5 July 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Patterns of gene flow and gene introgression can be used to assess the risk of genetic pollution of wild forest trees from widespread cultivated trees. A comprehensive understanding of the genetic relationships and levels of gene flow among wild and cultivated common walnut (Juglans regia) has become an urgent issue. Using twelve microsatellite markers, we investigated the genetic diversity and gene flow between cultivated and wild trees of J. regia in the Qinling Mountains, China. A high level of genetic variation was detected in both cultivated and wild trees. The mean number of alleles per locus was 17.5. Observed heterozygosity (HO) and expected heterozygosity ( HE) were 0.777 and 0.800, Project funding: This work was supported by Qinling National Forest Ecosystem Research Station, National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31200500, 41471038, and 32070372), Shaanxi Academy of Science Research Funding Project (Y19Z604F12), Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province of China (2019JM-008), and the public health specialty in the department of traditional Chinese Medicine (2017-66, 2018-43, 2019-68). The online version is available at http://www.springerlink.com. Corresponding editor: Yanbo Hu. * Shuoxin Zhang [email protected] 1
College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People’s Republic of China
2
Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710069, People’s Republic of China
3
USDA Forest Service Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center (HTIRC), Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, 715 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
respectively. Pollination of mother trees was not by nearest neighbors, and a paternity of 60.7% of offspring evaluated could not be assigned to a local, sampled tree. Pollen flow from cultivated trees to wild trees was infrequent (5.4%), and selfing rates ranged from zero to 25.0%. Male parents were located from 0 to 1005 m from their female partners, with an average pollination distance of 285.1 m. These results are discussed in light of the cultivated species’ diversity, outlining the frequent spontaneous genetic contributions from the wild to the cultivated compartment. In addition, the pollen flow parameters provide useful information about the dynamics of pollen movement within J. regia populations. Keywords Genetic diversity · Juglans regia · Mating patterns · Microsatellites · Pollen flow
Introduction Mating patterns, including pollen dispersal, gene flow, and the movement of genes among lineages, play an important role in the evolution of organisms by shuffling the genetic div
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