Genome-wide identification of the aspartic protease gene family and their response under powdery mildew stress in wheat
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Genome‑wide identification of the aspartic protease gene family and their response under powdery mildew stress in wheat Yanlin Yang1 · Deshun Feng1 Received: 20 July 2020 / Accepted: 23 October 2020 © Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Aspartic proteases (APs) are one of the four main protease super families. In plants, they are involved in many biological processes, such as biotic and abiotic stress resistance, protein processing and degradation, senescence, and programmed cell death. By performing a database (TGACv1) search and domain prediction, we identified 263 wheat AP (TaAP) proteins and observed 38 TaAP genes exhibiting alternative splicing. Moreover, by constructing a phylogenetic tree, we found that the TaAP proteins can be divided into three families and have a certain close evolutionary relationship to Arabidopsis thaliana and rice AP proteins. Transcriptome analysis showed that 29 genes in the TaAP family were up-regulated after being induced by powdery mildew. The expression of TaAP224 showed the most significant difference in transcriptome and qRT-PCR analyses. Subsequently, the promoters of these 29 genes were analysed, and we found that they contained multiple disease resistance and hormone elements, such as WRKY71OS, a common disease resistance element that is also involved in the GA signalling pathway and inhibits starch hydrolysis. The comprehensive annotation and expression profiling performed in this study increased our understanding of the TaAP family genes in wheat growth and development, and the results can be used as a basis for further study of candidate TaAP genes involved in powdery mildew resistance mechanisms. Keywords Wheat · Aspartic protease gene family · Phylogenetic analysis · Gene expression Abbreviations AP Aspartic protease AS Alternative splicing MW Molecular weight ORF Open reading frame pI Isoelectric point SA Salicylic acid TSS Transcription start site TTS Transcription terminal site
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-020-05948-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Deshun Feng [email protected] 1
State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, Shandong, China
Introduction Aspartic proteases (APs) are one of the four super families of proteolysis enzymes and are widely found in animals, plants, yeast, microorganisms and viruses [1, 2]. Proteases play a fundamental role in protein degradation during cell homeostasis maintenance and restructuring. Therefore, understanding the characteristics of these proteolysis enzymes enables us to better understand their functions in different physiological processes [3]. Some experts have researched APs in plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana [4], rice [5], maize [6], grapes [7], and Populus trichocarpa [8], but the APs in common wheat have rarely been reported. According to the MEROPS database (
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