Geochemical behavior and remobilization potential of trace elements in surface sediments from the baixada santista indus
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Geochemical behavior and remobilization potential of trace elements in surface sediments from the baixada santista industrial area, Southeastern Brazilian coast Bianca Sung Mi Kim1 · Paulo Alves de Lima Ferreira1 · José Lourenço Friedmann Angeli1 · Keila Modesto Tramonte1 · Michel Michaelovitch de Mahiques1 · Rubens Cesar Lopes Figueira1 Received: 22 June 2020 / Revised: 3 October 2020 / Accepted: 6 October 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract A three-stage sequential extraction procedure optimized by the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) was applied to assess the geochemical behavior and environmental mobility of As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in surface sediments from two ecosystems under different anthropogenic influences, the Estuarine Complex of Santos and São Vicente (ECSSV) upper estuary (high anthropogenic influence) and the Bertioga channel (low anthropogenic influence), both of which are located on the coast of São Paulo, Brazil. In general, the difference between the regions varied considerably for almost all these elements, and the values for the Bertioga channel were always lower than those found in the upper estuary. Among all the elements, Zn showed the greatest mobility, being present mainly in the acid-soluble fraction. Arsenic and Pb were associated with the reducible fraction, and Cu and Ni in the oxidizable fraction. Meanwhile, Cr was mainly found in the residual fraction. Although previous studies, regarding total concentrations suggest the probable enrichment of Cu, Pb and Zn in the surface sediments of the ECSSV, according to our results and the Risk Assessment Code (RAC) analysis, only Zn presented a high risk of bioavailability, and the modified Risk Assessment Code (mRAC) only showed six samples in the inner estuary with a medium risk of mobilization. Therefore, this study can serve as a management tool and optimize the monitoring efforts of chemical pollution in the region. Keywords Estuarine complex of santos and são vicente · Potentially toxic elements · Sequential extraction · Risk assessment code (RAC)
1 Introduction The chemical contamination in the marine/estuarine environment is a current issue and is usually linked to the industrial and economic growth of a region. The Estuarine Complex of Santos and São Vicente (ECSSV) is a good example,
Communicated by M. V. Alves Martins Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s43217-020-00032-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Bianca Sung Mi Kim [email protected] 1
Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo (IOUSP), Pça. Do Oceanográfico, 191, Butantã, São Paulo 05508 120, Brazil
due to its strategic location between Santos Port and São Paulo city. The area hosts the largest industrial complex in the country (Cubatão Industrial Complex). It is already considered by many studies to be environmentally affected by industrial, urban and tourist activities, indicated mainly by contamination t
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