Graphene as Solid-Phase Extraction Adsorbent for CZE Determination of Sulfonamide Residues in Meat Samples
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SHORT COMMUNICATION
Graphene as Solid-Phase Extraction Adsorbent for CZE Determination of Sulfonamide Residues in Meat Samples Nengsheng Ye • Pengzhi Shi • Qian Wang Jian Li
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Received: 24 September 2012 / Revised: 3 January 2013 / Accepted: 7 January 2013 / Published online: 5 February 2013 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
Abstract A solid-phase extraction (SPE) using graphene as adsorbent coupled with capillary zone electrophoresis method was developed for the determination of four sulfonamide residues (sulfadimidine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfathiazole and sulfadiazine) in meat sample. Several condition parameters, such as elution solvents and volumes, sample pH and sample volume were optimized to obtain high SPE recoveries and extraction efficiency. Intraday precisions of sulfonamides were in the range of 2.5–2.6 % and the inter-day precisions of sulfonamides were in the range of 2.6–3.4 %. Recoveries were 60.9–66.6 % for sulfadiazine and 86.1–111.4 % for other three sulfonamides in spiked meat sample. The developed method was successfully applied for the determination of sulfonamides in meat samples. Keywords Capillary zone electrophoresis Graphene Solid-phase extraction Sulfonamide
Introduction Solid-phase extraction (SPE) is the most common technique for analytical sample preparation, and plays a very important role in modern analytical science [1]. It has some
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10337-013-2394-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. N. Ye (&) P. Shi Q. Wang J. Li Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, People’s Republic of China e-mail: [email protected]
advantages of high recovery, short extraction time, high enrichment factor, low cost, and low consumption of organic solvents. Various adsorbents for SPE, such as silica-based materials, nanoparticle-based adsorbents, and molecularly imprinted polymers, have been used [2]. Recently, various carbon-based materials have been adopted as SPE adsorbents because of their specific properties and high stability. Carbon nanotubes including single-walled carbon nanotube and multi-walled carbon nanotube have been reported as effective SPE adsorbents for many analytes [3]. Graphene, a new class of carbon nanomaterial, has recently sparked much interest due to its unique two-dimensional nanostructure. Taking into account the properties of graphene with a large specific surface area, it has been used as an excellent adsorbent for SPE and SPME [4]. Recently, graphene and graphenebased nanomaterials were used as SPE adsorbent for the determination of different compounds in various samples [5, 6]. Another report on graphene was designed for the extraction of sulfonamides from water samples with Fe3O4@SiO2/graphene magnetite [7]. Some novel SPE absorbents were used for sulfonamides analysis, such as carbon nanotubes [8] because of their adsorption for sulfonamides [9]. After SPE procedure, various chromatographic methods had been
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