Simultaneous Determination of Atrazine, Pendimethalin, and Trifluralin in Fish Samples by QuEChERS Extraction Coupled Wi
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Simultaneous Determination of Atrazine, Pendimethalin, and Trifluralin in Fish Samples by QuEChERS Extraction Coupled With Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detection Ting Zhang 1,2
&
Zhipeng Qu 1 & Bin Li 1 & Zhaoguang Yang 1,2,3
Received: 26 November 2018 / Accepted: 21 January 2019 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract A rapid, simple, and dependable method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of atrazine, pendimethalin, and trifluralin in fish samples. Target analytes were extracted and purified by the modified QuEChERS method prior to analysis. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (10 min) was used to improve the extraction efficiency of classical acetonitrile extraction. The organic phase was then cleaned using dispersive solid-phase extraction with 150 mg primary secondary amine and 100 mg C18-bonded silica sorbents. GC with electron capture detection was used for determination. The method resulted in good linearity (R2 = 0.9973–0.9998) and low limits of detection and quantification (0.015–0.60 and 0.050–2.0 μg kg−1). Recoveries ranged from 76.8 to 94.6% with repeatability between 2.3 and 3.8% and reproducibility between 3.4 and 4.8%. The performance parameters demonstrated the method adequacy for the detection and quantification of atrazine, pendimethalin, and trifluralin residues in freshwater fish. Keywords Dispersive solid-phase extraction . Herbicides . Ultrasound-assisted extraction
Introduction Today, more than 500 compounds have been registered worldwide as herbicides, and widely used in modern agriculture for weed control (Zhang et al. 2011). Some herbicides, which provide season-long weed control, show high levels of persistence in the crop, soil, and natural water due to drift, runoff, or evaporation. This phenomenon is particularly prominent in the agricultural country, such as China and Brazil. Atrazine Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-019-01449-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Ting Zhang [email protected] * Zhaoguang Yang [email protected] 1
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
2
Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
3
Center for Environment and Water Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
was detected in water samples of Guanting Reservoir with the concentrations of 0.67–3.90 mg L−1 (Ren et al. 2002). Acetochlor was detected in 66.9% of 145 source water samples from 36 major cities in China (Yu et al. 2014). In Brazil, 53 river water samples showed contamination by pendimethalin at levels that ranged from 0.06 to 0.38 μg L−1 (Freitas et al. 2012). Noticeably, some researchers also found that hard clam samples contained pendimethalin and trifluralin in
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